Human memory is commonly understood as the storage and retrieval of records of information. Knowledge is stored as schemata that consist of explicitly stored representations of objects. Remembering is retrieving representations; and understanding is mapping representations. By contrast, Rosenfield argues that memory is best understood as a process of perceiving and behaving. Memory does not directly reflect past information, but selects reconstructions appropriate to the situation in which the recollection is taking place. In this paper the author presents some major implications of this view of memory on the development of computer tools for designers.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AkinO, 1978, “How do architects design?”, in Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition in Computer-aided Design Ed. LatombeJ-C (North-Holland, Amsterdam) pp 65–119
2.
AlexanderC, 1964Notes on the Synthesis of Form (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA)
3.
ArcherL B, 1965Systematic Method for Designrs (Council of Industrial Design, London)
CoyneR, 1991, “Modelling the emergence of design descriptions across Schemas”Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design18427–458
11.
CoyneR, 1992, “The role of metaphor in understanding computers in design”, working paper, Faculty of Architecture, University of Sydney, Sydney
12.
CoyneRYokozawaM, 1992, “Computer assistance in designing from precedent”Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design19143–171
13.
CrossN (Ed.), 1984Developments in Design Methodology (John Wiley, New York)
14.
DasguptaS, 1989, “The structure of design processes”Advances in Computers281–67
15.
DennettD C, 1981, “Where am I?”, in The Mind's I Eds HofstandterD RDennettD C (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middx) pp 217–229
16.
DreyfusH, 1972What Computers Can't Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence (Harper and Row, New York)
17.
DreyfusHDreyfusS, 1986, “Why computers may never think like people”Technology Review8942–61
18.
FreemanW JSkardaC A, 1990, “Representations: Who needs them?”, in Brain Organization and Memory: Cells, Systems, and Circuits Eds McGaughJ LWeinbergerN MLynchG (Oxford University Press, Oxford) pp 375–380
19.
FrudeN, 1983The Intimate Machine: Close Encounters with the New Computers (Century Hutchinson, London)
20.
GadamerH-G, 1976Philosophical Hermeneutics translated and edited by LingeD E (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA)
21.
GibsonJ J, 1966The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA)
22.
GoethalsG RReckmanR F, 1973, “The perception of consistency in attitudes”Journal of Experimental Social Psychology9491–501
23.
GoldbergD E, 1989Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA)
24.
GreeneJ, 1987Memory, Thinking and Language: Topics in Cognitive Psychology (Methuen, And over, Hants)
25.
HammondK J, 1989Case-based planning: Viewing Planning as a Memory Task (Academic Press, Orlando, FL)
26.
HeideggerM, 1962Being and Time translated and edited by MacquarrieJRobinsonE (Basil Blackwell, Oxford)
27.
JamesW, 1892Psychology: Briefer Course reprinted with annotation, 1984 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA)
28.
JenkinsJ J, 1974, “Remember that old theory of memory? Well, forget it!”American Psychologist11785–795
29.
Johnson-LairdP N, 1989, “Human experts and expert systems”, in Intelligent Systems in a Human Context Eds MurrayL ARichardsonJ T E (Oxford University Press, New York) pp 35–46
30.
JonesJ C, 1963, “A method of systematic design”, in Conference on Design Methods Eds JonesJ CThornleyD (Pergamon, Oxford) pp 10–31; reprinted in 1984 in Developments in Design Methodology Ed. CrossN (John Wiley, New York) pp 9–31
31.
KatonaG, 1940Organizing and Memory (Hafner Press, New York)
32.
KolodnerJ L, 1988, “Extending problem solver capabilities through case-based reasoning”, in Proceedings of the DRAPA Workshop on Case-based Reasoning (Morgann Kaufmann, Clearwater, FL) pp 21–31
33.
LakoffG, 1987Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL)
34.
LoftusE, 1980Memory: Surprising New Insights Into How We Remember and Why We Forget (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA)
35.
LowenthalD, 1985The Past is a Foreign Country (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)
36.
MarrD, 1982Vision (W H Freeman, New York)
37.
MiddendorfW H, 1986Design of Devices and Systems (Marcel Dekker, New York)
38.
MillerG, 1956, “The magical number seven, plus or minus two”Psychological Review6381–97
39.
MinskyM, 1975, “A framework for representing knowledge”, in The Psychology of Computer Vision Ed. WinstonP H (McGraw-Hill, New York) pp 211–277
40.
QuillianM R, 1968, “Semantic memory”, in Semantic Information Processing Ed. MinskyM (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) pp 227–270
41.
ReddyM, 1979, “The conduit metaphor—a case of frame conflict in our language about language”, in Metaphor and Thought Ed. OrtonyA (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) pp 285–324
RosenfieldI, 1988The Invention of Memory: A New View of the Brain (Basic Books, New York)
44.
RothIFrisbyJ P, 1986Perception and Representation: A Cognitive Approach (Open University Press, Milton Keynes)
45.
RumelhartD EMcClellandJ L (Eds), 1986Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, Volume 1: Foundations (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)
46.
RumelhartD ESmolenskyPMcClellandJ LHintonG E, 1986, “Schemata and sequential thought processes in PDP models”, in Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, Volume 2: Psychological and Biological Models Eds McClellandJ LRumelhartD E (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) pp 7–57
47.
RyleG, 1949The Concept of Mind (Hutchinson, London); reprinted 1990 (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middx)
48.
SchankR C, 1990Tell Me a Story: A New Look at Real and Artificial Memory (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York)
SchönD, 1992, “Designing as reflective conversation with the materials of a design situation”Research in Engineering Design3131–147
52.
SnodgrassACoyneR, 1990, “Is designing hermeneutical?”, working paper, Faculty of Architecture, University of Sydney, Sydney
53.
SunDGeroJ S, 1991, “Representing design experience through design cases: The use of case-based reasoning in design”, in The Technology of Design Ed. WoodburyG (ANZAScA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide) pp 235–244
54.
WinogradTFloresF, 1986Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design (Ablex, Norwood, NJ)
