In the past decade, a powerful generative approach to shape and spatial systems has been developed in parallel with the introduction of computer aids in the design process. This new approach allows for designs and their meanings to be viewed as the results of computations carried out according to rules of composition and correlative rules of description. Some of the history and logic of these developments is surveyed in this paper.
CarnapR, 1928Der logische Aufbau der Welt (Berlin); English edition1967The Logical Structure of the World (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA)
3.
DowningFFlemmingU, 1981, “The bungalows of Buffalo”Environment and Planning B8269–293
4.
DürerA, 1528Hierin sind begriffen vier Bücher Menschlicher Proportion (Nürnberg)
5.
FlemmingU, 1981, “The secret of the Casa Giuliani Frigerio”Environment and Planning B887–96
6.
GipsJ, 1975Shape Grammars and Their Uses: Artificial Perception, Shape Generation and Computer Aesthetics (Birkhäuser, Basel)
7.
GipsJStinyG, 1980, “Production systems and grammars: A uniform characterization”Environment and Planning B7399–408
8.
von GoetheJ W, 1790Versuch die Metamophose der Pflanzen zu Erklären (Gotha) translated by ArberA (1946) Chronica Botanica10(2) 63–126
9.
HaeckelE H P A, 1904Kunstformen der Natur (Verlag Bibliographischen Instituts, Leipzig; Vienna)
10.
JonesO, 1856The Grammar of Ornament (Day and Son, London)
11.
KnightT W, 1980, “The generation of Hepplewhite-style chair-back designs”Environment and Planning B7227–238
12.
KnightT W, 1981a, “The forty-one steps”Environment and Planning B897–114
13.
KnightT W, 1981b, “Languages of design: From known to new”Environment and Planning B8213–238
14.
KnightT W, 1983a, “Transformations of languages of designs: Part 1”Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design10125–128
15.
KnightT W, 1983b, “Transformations of languages of designs: Part 2”Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design10129–154
16.
KnightT W, 1983c, “Transformations of languages of designs: Part 3”Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design10155–177
17.
KoningHEizenbergJ, 1981, “The language of the prairie: Frank Lloyd Wright's prairie houses”Environment and Planning B8295–323
18.
KrishnamurtiR, 1980, “The arithmetic of shapes”Environment and Planning B7463–484
19.
KrishnamurtiR, 1981, “The construction of shapes”Environment and Planning B85–40
20.
KrishnamurtiR, 1982SGI: A Shape Grammar Interpreter: User ManualCentre for Configurational Studies, The Open University, Milton Keynes
21.
MarchL, 1976, “A Boolean description of a class of built forms” in The Architecture of Form Ed. MarchL (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) pp 41–73
22.
MarchLEarlC F, 1974, “On counting architectural plans”Environment and Planning B457–80
23.
MarchLSteadmanP, 1971The Geometry of Environment (RIBA Publications, London)
24.
PalladioA, 1965The Four Books of Architecture (Dover, New York); reprinted from a 1738 translation by Isaac Ware of I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura
25.
PostE, 1943, “Formal reductions of the general combinatorial decision problems”American Journal of Mathematics65197–268
26.
SteadmanP, 1979The Evolution of Designs: Biological Analogy in Architecture and the Applied Arts (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)
27.
StinyG, 1975Pictorial and Formal Aspects of Shape and Shape Grammars: On Computer Generation of Aesthetic Objects (Birkhäuser, Basel)
28.
StinyG, 1976, “Two exercises in formal composition”Environment and Planning B3187–210
29.
StinyG, 1977, “Ice-ray: A note on the generation of Chinese lattice designs”Environment and Planning B489–98
30.
StinyG, 1980a, “Introduction to shape and shape grammars”Environment and Planning B7343–351
31.
StinyG, 1980b, “Kindergarten grammars: Designing with Froebel's building gifts”Environment and Planning B7409–462
32.
StinyG, 1981, “A note on the description of designs”Environment and Planning B8257–267
33.
StinyG, 1982a, “Spatial relations and grammars”Environment and Planning B9113–114
34.
StinyG, 1982b, “Shapes are individuals”Environment and Planning B9359–367
35.
StinyG, 1985, “Designs and other descriptions”Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design forthcoming
36.
StinyGGipsJ, 1972, “Shape grammars and the generative specification of painting and sculpture”Information Processing711460–1465
37.
StinyGGipsJ, 1978Algorithmic Aesthetics: Computer Models for Criticism and Design in the Arts (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA)
38.
StinyGMitchellW J, 1978a, “The Palladian grammar”Environment and Planning B55–18
39.
StinyGMitchellW J, 1978b, “Counting Palladian plans”Environment and Planning B5189–198
40.
StinyGMitchellW J, 1980, “The grammar of paradise: On the generation of Mughul gardens”Environment and Planning B7209–226
41.
WittgensteinL, 1956Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics (Basil Blackwell, Oxford)