This paper recognises the need to study the complex relations between spatial planning and cultural contexts in a more comprehensive way. The objective is to contribute to a theoretical basis and conceptual framework for a systematic analysis of spatial planning, that is, planning practices related to a cultural and social context, on the basis of a complex system of criteria. This may contribute to achieving a better understanding of the complex relationships between the cultural context—including the specific socioeconomic patterns and related cultural norms, values, traditions, and attitudes—and spatial planning as an operative instrument of territorial policy by introducing the term ‘planning culture’. Therefore, as culture is subtle and complex in nature and is based on fluid concepts, theoretical approaches of cultural change are also introduced to provide a more dynamic conception of planning cultures to analyse and understand recent changes in spatial planning.
AbramS, 2011Culture and Planning (Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey)
2.
AlbersG, 1993, “Über den Wandel im Planungsverständnis”RaumPlanung6197103
3.
AllmendingerP, 2011New Labour and Planning. From New Right to New Left (Routledge, London)
4.
AltrockUGüntnerSHuningSPetersD, 2006Spatial Planning and Urban Development in the New EU Member States (Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants)
5.
AvruchK, 2002Culture and Conflict Resolution (United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC)
6.
BalchinPNSykoraL, 1999Regional Policy and Planning in Europe (Routledge, London)
7.
BenneKDBennisWGChinR, 1989, “Systems”, in The Planning of Change4th edition, Eds BennisWGBenneKDChinR (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, Fort Worth, TX) pp 8588
8.
BergerPLLuckmannT, 1966The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (Penguin Books, London)
9.
BöhmeKWaterhoutB, 2008, “The Europeanization of planning”, in European Spatial Research and Planning Ed. FaludiA (Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, MA) pp 225248
10.
BolanR, 1973, “Community decision behavior: The culture of planning”, in A Reader in Planning Theory Ed. FaludiA (Pergamon Press, Oxford) pp 371394
11.
BoothP, 1993, “The cultural dimension in comparative research: Making sense of development control in France”European Planning Studies1217229
12.
BoothPBreuillardMFraserCParisD (Eds), 2007Spatial Planning Systems of Britain and France—A Comparative Analysis (Routledge, London)
13.
BourdieuP, 1990The Logic of Practice (Polity Press, Cambridge)
14.
BurkeFG, 1967, “The cultural context”, in Action under Planning: The Guidance of Economic Development Ed. GrossB M (McGraw-Hill, New York) pp 6883
15.
CasprigA, 2009, “Planungskultur: Plastikwort oder Passepartout? Planungskultur: Ursache oder Folge eines sprachlichen Missverständnisses”PNDonlineII/2009, www.planung-neu-denken.de
16.
CEC, 1997The EU Compendium of Spatial Planning Systems and Policies Regional Development Studies, Commission of the European Communities (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg)
17.
ChinR, 1989, “The utility of models of the environments of systems for practitioners”, in The Planning of Change4th edition, Eds BennisWGBenneKDChinR (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, Fort Worth, TX) pp 8897
18.
DrorY, 1973, “The planning process: A facet”, in A Reader in Planning Theory Ed. FaludiA (Pergamon Press, Oxford) pp 323344
19.
DührS, 2011, “Raumplanung in europäischen Nachbarländern”, in: Grundriss der Raumordnung und Raumentwicklung (Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung, Hannover) pp 757796
20.
FaludiA, 2005, “The Netherlands: A culture with a soft spot for planning”, in Comparative Planning Cultures Ed. SanyalB (Routledge, London) pp 285308
21.
DasiFarinos JMilderJ, 2006, “Evidence of convergence towards a common model of styles of planning in Europe”Annex to the Final Report of the ESPON Project 2.3.2 Governance of Territorial and Urban Policies from EU to Local Level (ESPON, Luxembourg)
22.
FischerF, 2009, “How German is it? An essay in epistemological eclecticism”, in Planning Cultures in Europe: Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning Eds KnielingJOthengrafenF (Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey) pp 6594
23.
FriedmannJ, 1967a, “A conceptual model for the analysis of planning behaviour”Administrative Science Quarterly12225252
24.
FriedmannJ, 1967b, “The institutional context”, in Action Under Planning: The Guidance of Economic Development Ed. GrossB M (McGraw-Hill, New York) pp 3167
25.
FriedmannJ, 1993, “Toward a non-Euclidian mode of planning”Journal of the American Planning Association59482485
26.
FriedmannJ, 2005, “Planning cultures in transition”, in Comparative Planning Cultures Ed. SanyalB (Routledge, London) pp 2944
27.
FürstD, 2009, “Planning cultures en route to a better comprehension of ‘planning processes’?”, in Planning Cultures in Europe. Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning Eds KnielingJOthengrafenF (Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey) pp 2338
GullestrupH, 2006Cultural Analysis: Towards Cross-cultural Understanding (Aalborg University Press, Aalborg)
30.
HallET, 1976Beyond Culture (Anchor Press, Garden City, NY)
31.
HarrisM, 1989Kulturanthropologie, Ein Lehrbuch (Campus, Frankfurt)
32.
HarrisPRMoranRTMoranSV, 2004Managing Cultural Differences: Global Leadership Strategies for the 21st Century6th edition (Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford)
33.
HealeyPWilliamsR, 1993, “European urban planning systems: Diversity and convergence”Urban Studies30701720
34.
HoecklinL, 1995Managing Cultural Differences: Strategies for Competitive Advantage (Addison-Wesley, Harlow, Essex)
35.
HofstedeG, 2001Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations2nd edition (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA)
InglehartRBakerWE, 2000, “Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values”American Sociological Review651951
38.
InglehartRWelzelC, 2005Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy. The Human Development Sequence (Cambridge University Press, New York)
39.
JessenJMeyerUMSchneiderJ, 2008stadtmachen.eu—Urbanity and the Planning Culture in Europe, Wüstenrot Stiftung (Ludwigsburg and Karl Krämer, Stuttgart)
40.
KellerDAKochMSelleK, 1993Planungskulturen in Europa, Erkundungen in Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien und der Schweiz (Verlag für Wissenschaftliche Publikationen, Darmstadt)
41.
KellerDAKochMSelleK, 1996“‘Either/Or’ and ‘And’: First impressions of a journey into the planning cultures of four countries”Planning Perspectives114154
42.
KiparAPagliaroV, 2011, “Green rays in Milan”Topos775054
43.
KnielingJOthengrafenF, 2009“En route to a theoretical model for comparative research on planning cultures”, in Planning Cultures in Europe: Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning Eds KnielingJOthengrafenF (Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey) pp 3962
44.
KroeberALKluckhohnC, 1963Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (Random House, New York)
45.
LarssonG, 2006Spatial Planning Systems in Western Europe (IOS-Press, Amsterdam)
46.
LordR, 2008Culture Shock! Germany. Culture Shock: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette, (Marshall Cavendish, Tarrytown, NY)
47.
MandelbaumSJ, 1996, “The talk of the community”, in Explorations in Planning Theory Eds MandelbaumSJMazzaLBurchellRW (Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ) pp xixix
48.
MeyersonDMartinJ, 1987, “Cultural change: An integration of three different views”Journal of Management Studies24623647
49.
NadinVSteadD, 2008, “European spatial planning systems, social models and learning”disP443547
50.
NeumanM, 2007, “How we use planning: Planning cultures and images of future”, in Engaging the Future: Forecasts, Scenarios, Plans, and Projects Eds HopkinsLDZapataM (Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, MA) pp 155174
51.
NewmanPThornleyA, 1996Urban Planning in Europe: International Competition, National Systems, and Planning Projects (Routledge, London)
52.
NHPAU, 2009Review of European Planning Systems Eds OxleyMBrownTNadinV, National Housing and Planning Advice Unit, Fareham, Hants
53.
OthengrafenF, 2010, “Spatial planning as expression of culturised planning practices: The examples of Helsinki, Finland and Athens, Greece”Town Planning Review8183110
54.
OthengrafenF, 2012Uncovering the Unconscious Dimensions of Planning. Using Culture as a Tool to Analyse Spatial Planning Practices (Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey)
55.
Pahl-WeberEHenckelD, 2008The Planning System and Planning Terms in Germany. A Glossary Studies in Spatial Development No. 7 (Academy for Spatial Research and Planning, Hanover)
56.
ReckwitzA, 2005, “Kulturelle Differenzen aus Praxeologischer Perspektive. Kulturelle Globalisierung jenseits von Modernisierungstheorie und Kulturessentialismus”, in Kulturen Vergleichen: Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaftliche Grundlagen und Kontroversen Eds SrubarIRennJWenzelU (Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden) pp 92111
57.
ReimerM, 2012Planungskultur im Wandel. Das Beispiel der REGIONALE 2010 (Rohn, Detmold)
58.
ReimerMBlotevogelHH, 2012, “Comparing spatial planning practice in Europe: A plea for cultural sensitization”Planning Practice and Research27724
59.
RivolinUJFaludiA, 2005, “The hidden face of European spatial planning: Innovations in governance”European Planning Studies13195216
60.
SanyalB, 2005, “Hybrid planning cultures: The search for the global cultural common”, in Comparative Planning Cultures Ed. SanyalB (Routledge, London) pp 325
61.
ScheinEH, 1988, “Organisational socialization and the profession of management”, Sloan Management Review305365
62.
ScheinEH, 2004Organizational Culture and Leadership3rd edition (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA)
63.
SchmidtVA, 2008, “Discursive institutionalism: The explanatory power of discourse”Annual Review of Political Science11303326
64.
SchönDAReinM, 1994Frame Reflection. Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies (Basic Books, New York)
65.
SteadDCotellaG, 2011, “Differential Europe: Domestic actors and their role in shaping spatial planning systems”disP1861321
66.
SteadDNadinV, 2009, “Planning cultures between models of society and planning systems”, in Planning Cultures in Europe: Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning Eds KnielingJOthengrafenF (Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey) pp 279296
67.
ThompsonMEllisRJ, 1997, “Introduction”, in Culture Matters: Essays in Honor of Aaron Wildavsky Eds EllisRJThompsonM (Westview Press, Boulder, CO) pp 120
68.
TriandisHC, 2004Culture and Social Behavior (McGraw-Hill, New York)
69.
TrompenaarsFHampden-TurnerC, 2005Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business2nd edition (Nicholas Brealey, London)
70.
van KempenRVermeulenMBaanA, 2005Urban Issues and Urban Policies in the New EU Countries (Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants)
71.
WassenhovenLAsprogerakasVGiannirisEPagonisTPetropolouCSapountzakiP, 2005, “National overview Greece”ESPON Project 2.3.2, Governance of Territorial and Urban Policies from EU to Local Level Work Package 2 (National Technical University of Athens, Athens)
72.
WilliamsRH, 1984Planning in Europe. Urban and Regional Planning in the EEC (Allen and Unwin, London)
73.
WilliamsRH, 1996European Union Spatial Policy and Planning (Chapman, London)
74.
YoungG, 2008Reshaping Planning with Culture (Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants)
