What happens to technologies, firms, regional outputs, interregional accessibility, and trade when they are understood as coevolving? This paper offers a relational mathematical approach to this question, one whose embrace of disequilibrium, context, history, uncertainty, both monetary and material perspectives on economic activity, and complexity resonates productively with many qualitative theoretical approaches. I present a multiregion, multisector, multifirm model of a society shaped by the pursuit of profit and explore some of its theoretical implications through the narration of simulations, including points of contrast with the approaches and implications of geographical economics. Under different conditions, various economic geographies emerge, including interregional divergence and convergence, specialisation and diversification, as well as the possibility of transitions between these dynamical paths. The relational quantitative method advanced here suggests directions for future research into the theoretical landscapes of economic geographies emerging beyond equilibrium.
AminAThriftN, 2000, “What kind of economic theory for what kind of economic geography?”Antipode324–9
2.
BaldwinR, 2006, “Globalisation: the great unbundling(s)” in Globalisation Challenges for EuropeSecretariat of the Economic Council, Finnish Prime Minister's Office, Helsinki, pp 11–54
3.
BarnesT J, 2010, “Taking the pulse of the dead: history and philosophy of geography, 2008–2009”Progress in Human Geography34668–677
4.
BergmannLSheppardEPlummerP, 2009, “Capitalism beyond harmonious equilibrium: mathematics as if human agency mattered”Environment and Planning A41265–283
5.
BoschmaR AFrenkenK, 2006, “Why is economic geography not an evolutionary science? Towards an evolutionary economic geography”Journal of Economic Geography6273–302
6.
BoschmaRFrenkenK, 2009, “Some notes on institutions in evolutionary economic geography”Economic Geography85151–158
7.
BottazziGDindoP, 2010, “An evolutionary model of firms' location with technological externalities”, in Handbook on Evolutionary Economic Geography Eds BoschmaR AMartinR (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, Glos) pp 508–528
8.
BottazziGDosiGFagioloGSecchiA, 2007, “Modeling industrial evolution in geographical space”Journal of Economic Geography7651–672
9.
BrakmanSGarretsenHvan MarrewijkC, 2009The New Introduction to Geographical Economics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)
10.
BunkerS GCiccantellP S, 2005Globalization and the Race for Resources (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD)
11.
CarrollL, 1871 [1991] Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There retrieved from Project Gutenberg, http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12
12.
DixitA KStiglitzJ E, 1977, “Monopolistic competition and optimum product diversity”American Economic Review67297–308
13.
EssletzbichlerJ, 2009, “Evolutionary economic geography, institutions, and political economy”Economic Geography85159–165
14.
EssletzbichlerJRigbyD L, 2007, “Exploring evolutionary economic geographies”Journal of Economic Geography7549–571
15.
FarjounEMachoverM, 1983Laws of Chaos: A Probabilistic Approach to Political Economy (Verso, London)
16.
FujitaMKrugmanPVenablesA, 1999The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions and International Trade (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)
17.
GarnseyEMcGladeJ (Eds), 2006Complexity and Co-evolution: Continuity and Change in Socio-economic Systems (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, Glos)
18.
GrabherG, 2009, “Yet another turn? The evolutionary project in economic geography”Economic Geography85119–127
19.
HarveyD, 1982The Limits to Capital (Basil Blackwell, Oxford)
20.
HarveyD, 1989The Conditions of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Blackwell, Cambridge, MA)
21.
HerodA, 1997, “From a geography of labor to a labor geography: labor's spatial fix and the geography of capitalism”Antipode291–31
22.
HerodA, 2001Labor Geographies: Workers and the Landscape of Capitalism (Guilford, New York)
23.
HodgsonG M, 2009, “Agency, institutions, and Darwinism in evolutionary economic geography”Economic Geography85167–173
24.
KrugmanP, 1991Geography and Trade (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)
25.
KrugmanP RVenablesA J, 1995, “Globalization and the inequality of nations”Quarterly Journal of Economics110857–880
26.
MacKinnonDCumbersAPikeABirchKMcMasterR, 2009, “Evolution in economic geography: institutions, political economy, and adaptation”Economic Geography85129–150
27.
MarglinS A, 1974, “What do bosses do? The origins and functions of hierarchy in capitalist production”Review of Radical Political Economics6 (2) 60–112
28.
MarkoseS M, 2005, “Computability and evolutionary complexity: markets as complex adaptive systems (CAS)”The Economic Journal115F159–F192
29.
MartinR L, 1998, “The new ‘geographical turn’ in economics: some critical reflections”Cambridge Journal of Economics2365–91
30.
MartinRSunleyP, 2007, “Complexity thinking and evolutionary economic geography”Journal of Economic Geography7573–601
31.
MarxK, 1993Capital: Volume 3: A Critique of Political Economy (Penguin, London)
32.
NelsonR RWinterS G, 1982An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA)
33.
NelsonR RWinterS G, 2002, “Evolutionary theorizing in economics”Journal of Economic Perspectives1623–46
PlummerPSheppardE, 2001, “Must emancipatory economic geography be qualitative?”Antipode33194–199
36.
PlummerPSheppardE, 2006, “Geography matters: agency, structures and dynamics”Journal of Economic Geography6619–637
37.
RigbyDEssletzbichlerJ, 1997, “Evolution, process variety, and regional trajectories of technical change in U.S. manufacturing”Economic Geography73269–285
38.
SamuelsonP A, 1952, “The transfer problem and transport costs: the terms of trade when impediments are absent”The Economic Journal62278–304
39.
ScottA J, 2004, “A perspective of economic geography”Journal of Economic Geography4479–499
40.
SheppardE S, 2000, “Geography or economics? Contrasting theories of location, spatial pricing, trade, and growth”, in Handbook of Economic Geography Eds ClarkGGertlerMFeldmanM (Oxford University Press, Oxford) pp 99–119
41.
SheppardE, 2008, “Geographic dialectics?”Environment and Planning A402603–2612
42.
SheppardE, 2011, “Geography, nature, and the question of development”Dialogues in Human Geography1 (1) 46–75
43.
SheppardEBarnesT J, 1990The Capitalist Space Economy: Geographical Analysis after Ricardo, Marx and Sraffa (Unwin Hyman, Cambridge, MA)
44.
SheppardEHainingR PPlummerP, 1992, “Spatial pricing in interdependent markets”Journal of Regional Science3255–75
45.
StorperMWalkerR, 1989The Capitalist Imperative: Territory, Technology, and Industrial Growth (Basic Blackwell, New York)
46.
VenablesA J, 2006, “Shifts in economic geography and their causes”Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City 4th quarter, pp 61–85
47.
WebberMRigbyD L, 1996The Golden Age Illusion (Guilford Press, New York)
48.
WrightI, 2005, “The social architecture of capitalism”Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications346589–622
