In this paper we outline some of the results that were obtained by the application of a Cray T3D parallel supercomputer to human geography problems. We emphasise the fundamental importance of high-performance computing (HPC) as a future relevant paradigm for doing geography. We offer an introduction to recent developments and illustrate how new computational intelligence technologies can start to be used to make use of opportunities created by data riches from geographic information systems, artificial intelligence tools, and HPC in geography.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BattyM, 1976Urban Modelling (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)
2.
BezekJ C, 1995, “What is computational intelligence?”, in Computational Intelligence: Imitating Life Eds ZuradaJMarksRRobinsonC, (IEEE, New York) pp 1–12
3.
BirkinMClarkeG, 1995, “Using microsimulation to synthesize census data”, in Census Users Handbook Ed. OpenshawS, (GeoInternational, Cambridge) pp 363–387
4.
BirkinMClarkeMGeorgeF, 1995, “The use of parallel computers to solve nonlinear spatial optimisation problems”Environment and Planning A271049–1068
CatlowR, 1992, “Research requirements for high performance computing”, report of the scientific working party, Science and Engineering Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon
GilbertGDoranJ, 1994Simulating Societies: The Computer Simulation of Social Phenomena (UCL Press, London)
12.
GittingsBRocheS, 1996, “Parallel polygon line shading: The quest for more computational power from an existing GIS algorithm”International Journal of GIS10731–746
13.
HarrisB, 1985, “Some notes on parallel computing with special reference to transportation and land-use modelling”Environment and Planning A171275–1278
14.
HillisW, 1992, “What is massively parallel computing and why is it important?”, in A New Era in Computation Eds MetropolisNRotaG, (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA) pp 1–15
15.
KozaJ, 1992Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)
16.
O'HareGJenningsN, (Eds), 1995Foundations of Distributed AI (John Wiley, Chichester, Sussex)
17.
OpenshawS, 1977a, “A geographical solution to scale and aggregation problems in region building partitioning, and spatial modelling”Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series2459–472
18.
OpenshawS, 1977b, “Optimal zoning systems for spatial interaction models”Environment and Planning A9169–184
19.
OpenshawS, 1978a, “An empirical study of some zone design criteria”Environment and Planning A10781–794
20.
OpenshawS, 1978b, “An optimal zoning approach to the study of spatially aggregated data”, in Spatial Representation and Spatial Interaction Eds MasserIBrownP, (Martinus Nijhoff, Boston, MA) pp 95–113
21.
OpenshawS, 1979, “A methodology for using models for planning purposes”Environment and Planning A11879–896
22.
OpenshawS, 1984The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem CATMOG 38 (Geo Abstracts, Norwich)
23.
OpenshawS, 1988, “Building an automated modelling system to explore a universe of spatial interaction models”Geographical Analysis2031–46
24.
OpenshawS, 1994a, “Computational human geography: Towards a research agenda”Environment and Planning A26499–505
25.
OpenshawS, 1994b, “GIS crime and spatial analysis”, in Proceedings of GIS and Public Policy Conference (Ulster Business School, Coleraine, Ulster) pp 22–35
26.
OpenshawS, 1994c, “A concepts-rich approach to spatial analysis, theory generation, and scientific discovery in GIS using massively parallel computing”, in Innovations in GIS 1 Ed. WarboysM, (Taylor and Francis, London) pp 123–138
27.
OpenshawS, 1995, “Human systems modelling as a new grand challenge area in science”Environment and Planning A27262–279
28.
OpenshawS, 1996, “Developing GIS-relevant zone-based spatial analysis methods”, in Spatial Analysis: Modelling in a GIS Environment Eds LongleyPBattyM, (GeoInformation International, Cambridge) pp 55–73
29.
OpenshawSOpenshawC, 1997Artificial Intelligence in Geography (John Wiley, Chichester, Sussex)
30.
OpenshawSRaoL, 1995, “Algorithms for reengineering 1991 Census geography”Environment and Planning A27425–446
31.
OpenshawSSchmidtJ, 1996, “Parallel simulated annealing and genetic algorithms for re-engineering zoning systems”Geographical Systems3201–220
32.
OpenshawSCarverSCharltonM, 1991, “Error propagation in GIS: A Monte Carlo simulation”, in Handling Geographical Information: Methodology and Practical Applications Eds MasserIBlakemoreM, (Longman, Harlow, Essex) pp 78–101
33.
ReesP, 1996, “Projecting the national and regional populations of the European Union using migration information”, in Population Migration in the European Union Eds ReesPStillwellJConveyAKupiszewskiM, (John Wiley, Chichester, Sussex) pp 331–364
TurtonIOpenshawSDiplockG, 1997, “A genetic programming approach to building new spatial interaction models relevant to GIS”, in Innovations in GIS Ed. KempZ, (Taylor and Francis, London) pp 89–102
36.
WilsonA, 1974Urban and Regional Models in Geography and Planning (John Wiley, Chichester, Sussex)
