After a flirtation with pure science and the liberal arts, professional education in all fields is once again tool-and-craft oriented. Still, the main tools come from high-status science and humanities. But the sciences now advocate design, holism, purpose, choice, emergentism, anima, history, and discontinuity; whereas the humanities stress ambiguity, incommensurability, impurity, and perversion. What is in prospect is a richer, less reductionistic, view of human nature, social organization, and history. And this in turn will alter the culture and practice of planning and design.
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