This paper is the second in a two-part investigation into the utility of structuration theory in urban analysis. The focus here is on an application of the theory to analyze the “ghettoization” of ex-psychiatric patients in the City of Hamilton. First, methodologies are developed for institutional analysis and for the analysis of strategic conduct, utilizing the concept of bracketing. Secondly, a structuration analysis is undertaken of the ex-patient ghetto. This requires an institutional analysis of the deinstitutionalization policy and of the process of ghettoization, and a focus on strategic conduct to explain local outcomes in the built environment. The empirical application of structuration theory provided methodological and practical insights, as well as requiring a substantial development of some theoretical constructs. We are satisfied that structuration theory has sufficient merit for empirical work to warrant continued development and assessment.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AllodiFKedwardH B, 1973, “The vanishing chronic”Canadian Journal of Public Health64279–289
2.
AllodiFKedwardH B, 1977, “The evolution of the mental hospital in Canada”Canadian Journal of Public Health68219–224
3.
AlterJ, 1984, “Homeless in America”Newsweek103(1) 20–29, 2 January
4.
BachrachL L, 1983, “Evaluating the consequences of deinstitutionalization”Hospital and Community Psychiatry34105
5.
BassukE LGersonS, 1978, “Deinstitutionalization and mental health services”Scientific American238(2) 46–53
6.
BeamishC, 1981, “Space, state and crisis: Towards a theory of the public city in North America” MA thesis, Department of Geography, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
7.
BennettDMorrisI, 1983, “Deinstitutionalization in the United Kingdom”International Journal of Mental Health11(4) 5–23
8.
BloomB L, 1973Community Mental Health: A Historical and Critical Analysis (General Learning Press, Morristown, NJ)
9.
ChafetzLGoldmanH HTaubeC, 1983, “Deinstitutionalization in the United States”International Journal of Mental Health11(4) 48–63
10.
City of Hamilton, 1977, “Lodging houses, halfway houses and nursing homes” 14 September, Legislation, Fire and Licence Committee, City Hall, Hamilton, Ontario
11.
City of Hamilton, 1978, “Report of the Residential Care Facilities Committee” June, Planning and Development Committee, City Hall, Hamilton, Ontario
12.
City of Toronto, 1977, “Report of the Working Committee on Group Homes” November, City Hall, Toronto, Ontario
13.
DearM J, 1977, “Psychiatric patients and the inner city”Annals of the Association of American Geographers67588–594
14.
DearM J, 1978, “Planning for mental health care: A reconsideration of public facility location theory”International Regional Science Review393–111
15.
DearM J, 1980, “The public city” in Residential Mobility and Public Policy Eds ClarkW A VMooreE G (Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA) pp 219–241
16.
DearM J, 1981, “Social and spatial reproduction of the mentally ill” in Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society Eds DearM JScottA J (Methuen, London) pp 481–497
17.
DearM JBayneLBoydGCallaghanEGoldsteinE, 1980Coping in the Community: The Needs of Ex-psychiatric PatientsCanadian Mental Health Association, Hamilton, Ontario
18.
DearM JClarkG LClarkS, 1979, “Economic cycles and mental health care policy: An examination of the macro-context for social service planning”Social Science and Medicine C1343–53
19.
DearM JTaylorS M, 1982Not on Our Street (Pion, London)
20.
DemopolisC D, 1984, “The development of the lodging home ghettos in Hamilton, Ontario” research paper, Department of Geography, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
21.
FoucaultM, 1973Madness and Civilization: A History of Madness in the Age of Reason (Vintage Books, New York)
22.
FoucaultM, 1977Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Pantheon Books, New York)
23.
GiddensA, 1981A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA)
24.
GiddensA, 1983, “Comments on the theory of structuration”Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior1375–80
25.
GiddensA, 1984The Constitution of Society (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA)
26.
GoldmanH HAdamsN HTaubeC A, 1983, “Deinstitutionalization: The data demythologized”Hospital and Community Psychiatry34(2) 129–134
27.
GoldmanH HMorrisseyJ PBachrachL L, 1983, “Deinstitutionalization in international perspective: Variations on a theme”International Journal of Mental Health11(4) 153–165
28.
Homes for Special Care Act, 1980Rev. Stat. Ont. chapter 202
29.
KlermanG L, 1977, “Better but not well: Social and ethical issues in the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill”Schizophrenia Bulletin3617–631
30.
LayderD, 1981Structure, Interaction and Social Theory (Routledge and Kegan Paul, Henley-on-Thames, Oxon)
31.
LemieuxM, 1977, “One hundred years of mental health law in Ontario” unpublished manuscript, Hamilton Psychiatric Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario
32.
MoosA IDearM, 1986, “Structuration theory in urban analysis: 1. Theoretical exegesis”Environment and Planning A18231–252
33.
MosherL R, 1983, “Radical deinstitutionalization: The Italian experience”International Journal of Mental Health11(4) 129–136
34.
OatleyN A, 1983, “Urbanisation, urban planning and the public city” MA thesis, Department of Geography, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
35.
OPSEU, 1980, “Ontario's mental health care breakdown”Ontario Public Service Employees Union, Toronto
36.
PredA, 1983, “Structuration and place: On the becoming of sense of place and structure of feeling”Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior1345–68
37.
RichmanAHarrisP, 1983, “Mental hospital deinstitutionalization in Canada”International Journal of Mental Health11(4) 64–83
38.
RMHW, 1977, “Review of boarding and lodging houses in zoning by-law 6593”Planning and Development Department File Number 4331 (23 November), Regional Municipality of Hamilton—Wentworth, Hamilton, Ontario
39.
RMHW, 1978a, “Report to the Planning and Development Committee” 31 January, Planning and Development Department, Regional Municipality of Hamilton—Wentworth, Hamilton, Ontario
40.
RMHW, 1978b, “Report to the Planning and Development Department” 18 October, Regional Municipality of Hamilton—Wentworth, Hamilton, Ontario
41.
SayerA, 1984Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach (Hutchinson, London)
42.
SchoonoverS CBassukE L, 1983, “Deinstitutionalization and the private general hospital inpatient unit: Implications for clinical care”Hospital and Community Psychiatry34135–139
43.
SmithC J, 1975, “Being mentally ill in the asylum or the ghetto”Antipode7(2) 53–59
44.
SmithC J, 1983, “Innovation in mental health policy: Community mental health in the United States of America, 1965–1980”Environment and Planning D: Society and Space1447–468
45.
SPRC, 1977, “Response to Alderman Brian Hinkley's report on lodging houses, half-way houses and nursing homes” November, Social Planning and Research Council of Hamilton and District, Hamilton, Ontario
46.
SPRC, 1978, “Zoning by-law and the provision of residential care facilities” April, Social Planning and Research Council of Hamilton and District, Hamilton, Ontario
47.
SylphJ AEastwoodM RKedwardH B, 1976, “Long-term psychiatric care in Ontario: The Homes for Special Care Program”Canadian Medical Association Journal114233–237
48.
ThriftN J, 1986, “Bear & mouse or bear & tree? Anthony Giddens' reconstitution of social theory”Sociology (forthcoming)
49.
TynhurstJ SChalkeF C RLawsonF SMcNeelB HRobertsC ATaylorG CWeilR JGriffinJ D, 1963More for the MindCanadian Mental Health Association, Toronto
50.
VolovikV MZachepitskiiR A, 1983, “Deinstitutionalization in Soviety psychiatry”International Journal of Mental Health11(4) 108–128
51.
WilliamsJ ILuterbachE J, 1976, “The changing boundaries of psychiatry in Canada”Social Science and Medicine1015–22
52.
WolchJ R, 1978The Residential Location Behavior of Service-Dependent Households PhD dissertation, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
53.
WolchJ R, 1979, “Residential location and the provision of human services: Some directions for geographic research”Professional Geographer31271–277
54.
WolchJ R, 1980, “Residential location of the service-dependent poor”Annals of the Association of American Geographers70330–341
55.
WolchJ R, 1981, “The location of service-dependent households in urban areas”Economic Geography57(11) 52–67
56.
WolpertJDearM JCrawfordR, 1975, “Satellite mental health facilities”Annals of the Association of American Geographers6524–35
57.
WolpertJWolpertE, 1974, “From asylum to ghetto”Antipode663–76
58.
WolpertJWolpertE, 1976, “The relocation of released mental hospital patients into residential communities”Policy Sciences731–51
