Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 1986-1
Research Policy and Review 7. Developments in Environment – Behaviour – Design Research: A Critical Assessment in the Context of Geography and Planning with Special Reference to the Third World
Advances in researches in geography and planning both in developed and less developed countries have followed similar, if not the same, philosophical and methodological framework. More recently, however, a gap has been observed, with developments in humanistic geography and environment – behaviour – design research receiving no significant attention in countries of the developing areas. This paper highlights this highly neglected field of research in the developing world and articulates some of the reasons behind the neglect. The potential benefits for geography and environmental planning of researches drawing on this neglected theme are analyzed in the context of the developing world.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AbumereS I, 1981, “The people's choice: Resettlement preferences of displaced persons from Nigeria's New Federal capital territory”Ekistics48476–480
2.
AlaoN, 1978, “Geography in Nigerian universities”Nigerian Geographical Journal2131–37
3.
AltmanIRapoportAWohlwillJ F (Eds), 1980Environment and Culture, Human Behaviour and Environment (Plenum, New York)
4.
AppleyardD, 1970, “Styles and methods of structuring a city”Environment and Behaviour2100–117
5.
AreolaOAkintolaF O, 1980, “Managing the urban environment in a developing country: The Ogunpa River Channelization Scheme in Ibadan City, Nigeria”Environment International3237–241
6.
AyoadeJ OAkintolaF O, 1980, “Public perception of flood hazard in two Nigerian cities”Environment International3277–280
7.
BarkerD, 1980, “Appropriate methodology: An example using a traditional African board game to measure farmers' attitudes and environmental images” in Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Development Eds BrokenshaD WWarrenD MWernerO (University Press of America, Lanham, MD) pp 301–306
8.
BerryRSommerJ, 1976, “Freetown: Images of the urban environment”Pan-African Journal993–102
9.
BillingeM, 1977, “In search of negativism: Phenomenology and historical geography”Journal of Historical Geography355–67
BouldingK E, 1956The Image (University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI)
12.
BriggsR, 1973, “Urban cognitive distance” in Image and Environment Eds DownsR MSteaD (Aldine, Chicago, IL) pp 366–388
13.
BroadbentGBuntRJencksC, 1980Signs, Symbols and Architecture (John Wiley, New York)
14.
BrookfieldH C, 1969, “On the environment as perceived”Progress in Geography151–80
15.
BuntingT EGuelkeL, 1979, “Behavioural and perception geography: A critical appraisal”Annals of the Association of American Geographers69448–462
16.
BurgessJ A, 1978, “Image and identity” OP23, Department of Geography, University of Hull, Hull
17.
BurgessJ A, 1979, “Place-making: The contribution of environmental perception studies in planning”Geography64317–326
18.
ButtimerA, 1974, “Values in geography” resource paper 24, Association of American Geographers, Washington, DC
19.
ButtimerA, 1976, “Grasping the dynamism of the lifeworld”Annals of the Association of American Geographers66277–292
20.
ButtimerA, 1979, “Erewhon or nowhere land” in Philosophy in Geography Eds GaleSOlssonG, (D Reidel, Dordrecht) pp 43–51
21.
ButtimerA, 1980, “Home, reach and the sense of place” in The Human Experience of Space and Place Eds ButtimerASeamonD (Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent) pp 13–37
22.
CadwalladerM, 1979, “Problems in cognitive distance: Implications for cognitive mapping”Environment and Behaviour11559–576
23.
CanterD V, 1977The Psychology of Place (The Architectural Press, London)
24.
CanterD VCraikK H, 1981, “Environmental psychology”Journal of Environmental Psychology11–11
25.
CanterD VTaggS K, 1975, “Distance estimation in cities”Environment and Behaviour759–80
26.
CarrSSchisslerD, 1969, “The city as a trip: Perceptual selection and memory in the view from the road”Environment and Behaviour17–35
27.
ChokorB A, 1983, The Sense of Place: A Study of Environmental Experience, Place Consciousness and Planning in Ibadan, Nigeria unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, University of London, London
28.
ChouinardVFincherR, 1983, “A critique of ‘Structural Marxism and Human Geography’”Annals of the Association of American Geographers73137–150
29.
ClavalP, 1981, “Methodology and geography”Progress in Human Geography597–103
30.
CosgroveD, 1978, “Place, landscape and the dialectics of cultural geography”Canadian Geographer2266–72
31.
CouclelisHGolledgeR G, 1983, “Analytic research, positivism, and behavioural geography”Annals of the Association of American Geographers73331–339
32.
CoxK RGolledgeR G, (Eds), 1969Behavioural Problems in Geography: A Symposium (Northwestern University Press, Evanston, IL)
33.
CraikK H, 1977, “Multiple scientific paradigms in environmental psychology”International Journal of Psychology12147–157
34.
CullenJKnoxP, 1982, “The city, the self and urban society”Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series7276–291
35.
DarkohM B KTuceyM L, 1976, “Urbanization, regional planning and economic development in Africa, some issues and options”Journal of the Geographical Association of Tanzanianumber 14, 1–5
36.
DonaldsonB, 1973, “An empirical investigation into the concept of sectoral bias in the mental maps, search spaces and migration patterns of intraurban migrants”Geografiska Annaler B5513–33
37.
DownsR M, 1970, “Geographic space perception: Past approaches and future prospects”Progress in Geography267–108
38.
DownsR MSteaD, 1977Maps in Minds: Reflections on Cognitive Mapping (Harper and Row, New York)
DuncanJ SLeyD, 1982, “Structural Marxism and human geography: A critical assessment”Annals of the Association of American Geographers7230–59
41.
El-ShakhsSObudhoR A, 1974Urbanization, National Development and Regional Planning in Africa (Praeger, New York)
42.
EntrikinJ N, 1976, “Contemporary humanism in geography”Annals of the Association of American Geographers66615–632
43.
EvansG WMarreroD GButlerP A, 1981, “Environmental learning and cognitive mapping”Environment and Behaviour1383–104
44.
EylesJ, 1981, “Why geography cannot be Marxist: Towards an understanding of lived experience”Environment and Planning A131371–1388
45.
FakoladeACoblentzH S, 1981, “Citizen-participation in urban and regional planning in Nigeria: A preliminary enquiry”Community Development Journal16119–129
46.
FergusonA G, 1979, “Some aspects of urban spatial cognition in an African student community”Transactions of the Institutes of British Geographers, New Series477–93
47.
FrancescatoDMebaneW, 1973, “How citizens view two great cities: Milan and Rome” in Image and Environment Eds DownsR MSteaD (Aldine, Chicago, IL) pp 131–147
48.
GarnhamH L, 1976, “Maintaining the spirit of place: A guide to participation in planning for small towns”Ekistics42208–213
49.
GibsonE, 1978, “Understanding the subjective meaning of places” in Humanistic Geography: Prospects and Problems Eds LeyDSamuelsM S (Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent) pp 138–154
50.
GihringT A, 1975, “Urban imagery in Zaria: A study of environmental perception”Savanna4125–137
51.
GoldJ R, 1980An Introduction to Behavioural Geography (Oxford University Press, Oxford)
52.
GolledgeR G, 1979, “Reality, process and the dialectical relation between man and environment” in Philosophy in Geography Eds OlssonGGaleS (D Reidel, Dordrecht) pp 82–104
53.
GolledgeR G, 1981, “Misconceptions, misinterpretations, and misrepresentation of behavioral approaches in human geography”Environment and Planning A131325–1344
54.
GolledgeR GBrownL AWilliamsonF, 1972, “Behavioural approaches to geography: An overview”Australian Geographer1259–79
55.
GoodeyB, 1974, “Images of place: Essays on environmental perception, communications and education” OP30, Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham
56.
GoodeyB, 1980, “Environmental psychology and the designer: The anatomy of illness as perceived by the almoner”Built Environment65–9
57.
GoodeyBDuffettA WGoldJ RSpencerD, 1971, “City scene: An exploration into the image of central Birmingham” RM10, Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham
58.
GouldP R, 1969, “The structure of space preferences in Tanzania”Area429–35
59.
GouldP ROlaD, 1970, “The perception of residential desirability in the Western Region of Nigeria”Environment and Planning273–87
60.
GouldP RWhiteR, 1968, “The mental maps of British school-leavers”Regional Studies2161–182
GregoryD, 1978aIdeology, Science and Human Geography (Hutchinson, London)
63.
GregoryD, 1978b, “The discourse of the past: Phenomenology, structuralism and historical geography”Journal of Historical Geography4161–173
64.
GregoryD, 1981, “Human agency and human geography”Transations of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series61–18
65.
GregoryD, 1982, “A realist construction of the social world”Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series7254–256
66.
GroatL, 1981, “Meaning in architecture: New directions and sources”Journal of Environmental Psychology173–85
67.
GroatLCanterD V, 1981, “Uses of the multiple sorting task: Linking research and practice” WP1–1, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Wisconsin — Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI
68.
GuelkeL, 1971, “Problems of scientific explanations in geography”Canadian Geographer1538–53
69.
GuelkeL, 1974, “An idealist alternative in human geography”Annals of the Association of American Geographers64193–202
70.
GuelkeL, 1976, “Interdisciplinary research and environmental perception”Proceedings of the Association of American Geographers8184–188
71.
GulickJ, 1963, “Images of an Arab city”Journal of the American Institute of Planners29179–198
72.
HarrisHLipmanA, 1980, “Social symbolism and space usage in daily life”Sociological Review28415–428
73.
HarrisonJ DHowardW A, 1972, “The role of meaning in the urban image”Environment and Behaviour4389–411
74.
HarveyD W, 1969, “Conceptual and measurement problems in the cognitive — behavioral approach to location theory” in Behavioral Problems in Geography: A Symposium Eds CoxK RGolledgeR G (Northwestern University Press, Evanston, IL) pp 35–67
75.
HaynesR M, 1981Aspects of Geography. Geographic Images and Mental Maps (Macmillan Education, Basingstoke, Hants)
76.
HaywardF M, 1979, “Perceptions of well-being in Ghana: 1970 and 1975”African Studies Review22109–125
77.
HudsonR, 1975, “Patterns of spatial search”Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers65141–154
78.
HudsonR, 1976, “Linking studies of the individual with models of aggregate behaviour: An empirical example”Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series1159–174
79.
IttelsonW H (Ed.), 1973, “Environment perception and contemporary perceptual theory” in Environment and Cognition (Seminar Press, New York) pp 1–19
80.
IttelsonW H, 1978, “Environmental perception and urban experience”Environment and Behaviour10193–213
81.
IttelsonW HFranckK AO'HanlonT J, 1976, “The nature of environmental experience” in Experiencing the Environment Eds WapnerSCohenS BKaplanB (Plenum, New York) pp 187–206
82.
JacksonP, 1981, “Phenomenology and social geography”Area13299–305
83.
JeansD N, 1979, “Some literary examples of humanistic discriptions of place”Australian Geographer14207–214
84.
JohnstonR J, 1980, “On the nature of explanation in human geography”Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series5402–412
85.
KaplanS, 1976, “Adaptation, structure and knowledge” in Environmental Knowing Eds MooreG TGolledgeR G (Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA) pp 32–45
86.
KingL, 1976, “Alternatives to a positive economic geography”Annals of the Association of American Geographers66293–318
87.
KirkW, 1951, “Historical geography and the concept of the behavioural environment”Indian Geographical JournalSilver Jubilee Edition, pp 152–160
88.
KirkW, 1963, “Problems of geography”Geography48357–371
89.
KrampenM, 1979Meaning in the Urban Environment (Pion, London)
90.
LewisL ADeganAHudsonT, 1980, “The measurement and explanation of the spatial perception of Africa: Nigerian viewpoint”Geografiska Annaler B6233–38
91.
LeyD, 1977a, “Social geography and the taken-for-granted world”Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers: New Series2498–512
92.
LeyD, 1977b, “The personality of a geographical fact”Professional Geographer298–13
93.
LeyD, 1980, “Geography without man: A humanistic critique” RP24, School of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford
94.
LeyD, 1981a, “Behavioural geography and the philosophies of meaning” in Behavioural problems in Geography Revisited Eds CoxK RGolledgeR G (Methuen, Andover, Hants) pp 209–230
95.
LeyD, 1981b, “Cultural/humanistic geography”Progress in Human Geography5249–257
96.
LeyD, 1982, “Rediscovering man's place”Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series7248–253
97.
LeyDMercerJ, 1980, “Locational conflict and the politics of consumption”Economic Geography5689–109
98.
LeyDSamuelsM S (Eds), 1978Humanistic Geography: Prospects and Problems (Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent)
99.
LipmanAHarrisH, 1980, “Environmental psychology—a sterile research enterprise?”Built Environment668–74
100.
LloydP C, 1974Power and Independence: Urban Africa's Perception of Social Inequality (Routledge and Kegan Paul, Henley-on-Thames, Oxon)
101.
LloydR E, 1976, “Cognition, preference and behaviour in space: An examination of structural linkages”Economic Geography52241–253
102.
LloydR E, 1982, “A look at images”Annals of the Association of American Geographers72532–548
103.
LowenthalD, 1961, “Geography, experience and imagination: Towards a geographic epistemology”Annals of the Association of American Geographers51241–260
104.
LowenthalD, 1972, “Research in environmental perception and behaviour: Perspectives on current problems”Environment and Behaviour4333–342
105.
LowenthalDPrinceH C, 1976, “Transcendental experience” in Experiencing the Environment Eds WapnerSCohenS BKaplanB (Plenum, New York) pp 117–131
106.
LynchK, 1960The Image of the City (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)
107.
LynchK, 1976Managing the Sense of a Region (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)
108.
LynchK, 1981A Theory of Good City Form (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)
109.
MabogunjeA L, 1965, “Economic implications of the pattern of urbanization in Nigeria”Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies79–30
110.
MabogunjeA L, 1974Cities and Social Order (Ibadan University Press, Ibadan)
111.
MarrisP, 1961Family and Social Change in an African City: A Study of Rehousing in Lagos (Routledge and Kegan Paul, Henley-on-Thames, Oxon)
112.
MarrisP, 1979, “The meaning of slums and patterns of change”International Journal of Environmental Research3419–441
113.
MazeyM E, 1980, “An investigtion of the relationship between attitudes and spatial behaviour”East Lakes Geographers1515–23
114.
MercerD CPowellJ M, 1972, “Phenomenology and related non-positivistic viewpoints in the social sciences” Monash Publications in Geography 1, Department of Geography, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria
115.
MooreG T, 1979, “Knowing about environmental knowing: The current state of theory and research on environmental cognition”Environment and Behaviour1133–70
116.
MooreG TGolledgeR G (Eds), 1976Environmental Knowing (Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA)
117.
NeisserU, 1967Cognitive Psychology (Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York)
118.
NeisserU, 1976Cognition and Reality (W H Freeman, New York)
119.
Norberg-SchulzC, 1980Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture (Academic Press, London)
120.
ObudhoR AEl-ShakhsS, 1979Development of Urban Systems in Africa (Praeger, New York)
121.
O'ConnorA M, 1981Urbanization in Tropical Africa: An Annoted Bibliography (G K Hall, Boston, MA)
122.
OdemerhoF O, 1984, “The structure of urban environmental problems as perceived in Warri, Bendel State, Nigeria”Journal of Environmental Management1965–78
123.
OlaD, 1982, “Space preference and mobility in rural areas: A case study in Kwara State of Nigeria”Nigerian Geographical Journal25147–159
124.
OlssonG, 1969, “Inference problems in locational analysis” in Behavioural Problems in Geography: A Symposium Eds CoxK RGolledgeR G (Northwestern University Press, Evanston, IL) pp 14–37
125.
OnibokunG A, 1969, “Socio-cultural constraints on urban renewal policies in emerging nations: The Ibadan case”Nigerial Journal of Economic and Social Studies11343–354
126.
OrleansP, 1973, “Differential cognition of urban residents: The effects of social scale on mapping” in Image and Environment Eds DownsR MSteaD (Aldine, Chicago, IL) pp 115–130
127.
PacioneM, 1982, “Space preferences, locational decisions and the dispersal of civil servants from London”Environment and Planning A14323–333
128.
PeilM, 1981Cities and Suburbs: Urban Life in West Africa (Africana, London)
129.
PeilMSadaP O, 1984African Urban Society (John Wiley, Chichester, Sussex)
130.
PocockD C D, 1976, “A comment on images derived from invitation-to-map exercises”Professional Geographer28148–152
131.
PocockD C D, 1981, “Sight and knowledge”Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers: New Series6385–393
132.
ProshanskyH M, 1978, “The city and self-identity”Environment and Behaviour10147–169
133.
RaitzK BUlackR, 1981, “Cognitive maps of Appalachia”The Geographical Review71201–213
134.
RapoportA, 1979, “An approach to designing Third World environments”Third World Planning Review123–40
135.
RapoportA, 1981, “Identity and environment: A cross-cultural perspective” in Housing and Identity Cross-Cultural Perspectives Ed. DuncanJ S (Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent) pp 6–35
136.
RelphE C, 1970, “An enquiry into the relations between phenomenology and geography”Canadian Geographer14193–209
137.
RelphE C, 1976Place and Placelessness (Pion, London)
138.
RelphE C, 1981a, “Phenomenology” in Themes in Geographic Thought Eds HarveyM EHollyB P (Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent) pp 99–114
RobinsonM EDickenP C, 1979, “Close procedure and cognitive mapping”Environment and Behaviour11351–373
141.
RowlesG D, 1978, “Reflections on experiential field work” in Humanistic Geography: Prospects and Problems Eds LeyDSamuelsM S (Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent) pp 173–193
142.
RowlesG D, 1980, “Toward a geography of growing old” in The Human Experience of Space and Place Eds ButtimerASeamonD (Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent) pp 81–98
143.
RozelleR MBaxterJ C, 1972, “Meaning and value in conceptualizing the city”Journal of the American Institute of Planners38116–122
144.
SaarinenR FSellS J, 1980, “Environmental perception”Progress in Human Geography4525–548
145.
SaarinenR FSellJ LHusbandE, 1982, “Environmental perception: International efforts”Progress in Human Geography6515–546
146.
SamuelsM S, 1978, “Existentialism and human geography” in Humanistic Geography: Prospects and Problems Eds LeyDSamuelsM S (Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent) pp 22–40
147.
SamuelsM S, 1979, “The biography of landscape: Cause and culpability” in The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes Ed. MeiningD W (Oxford University Press, New York) pp 51–88
148.
SamuelsM S, 1981, “An existential geography” in Themes in Geographic Thought Eds HarveyM EHollyB P (Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent) pp 115–132
149.
SeamonD, 1979A Geography of the Lifeworld (Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent)
150.
SeamonD, 1982, “The phenomenological contribution to environmental psychology”Journal of Environmental Psychology2119–140
151.
SmithJ, 1981, “Humanistic method in contemporary social geography”Area13293–298
152.
SmithN, 1979, “Geography, science and post-positivist modes of explanation”Progress in Human Geography3356–383
153.
SonnenfeldJ, 1972a, “Geography, perception and the behavioural environment” in Man, Space and Environment Eds EnglishP WMayfieldR C (Oxford University Press, Oxford) pp 244–251
154.
SonnenfeldJ, 1972b, “Social interactions and environmental relationships”Environment and Behaviour4267–278
155.
SpencerA H, 1980, “Cognition and shopping choice: A multidimensional scaling approach”Environment and Planning A121235–1251
156.
SzymanskiRAgnewJ A, 1981Order and Scepticism: Human Geography and the Dialectics of ScienceResource Publications in Geography, Association of American Geographers, Washington, DC
157.
TimmermansH, 1981, “Spatial choice behaviour in different environmental settings: An application of the revealed preference approach”Geografiska Annaler B6357–67
158.
TuanY-F, 1971, “Geography, phenomenology and the study of human nature”Canadian Geographer15181–192
159.
TuanY-F, 1972, “Structuralism, existentialism and environmental perception”Environment and Behaviour4319–331
160.
TuanY-F, 1975, “Images and mental maps”Annals of the Association of American Geographers65205–214
161.
TuanY-F, 1976, “Humanistic geography”Annals of the Association of American Geographers66266–276
162.
TuanY-F, 1978, “Space, time, place: A humanistic frame” in Timing Space and Spacing Time, Volume 1 Eds CarlsteinTParkesD NThriftN J (Edward Arnold, London) pp 7–16
163.
TuceyM L, 1976, “Ga concepts of neighbourhood in central Accra: A cognitive-behavioural perspective”Journal of the Geographical Association of Tanzanianumber 14, 37–78
164.
WachtelE, 1975, “The urban image: Sterotypes of urban life in Kenya”African Urban Notes177–92
165.
WalmsleyD J, 1974, “Positivism and phenomenology in human geography”The Canadian Geographer1895–107
166.
WheatleyP, 1976, “Levels of space awareness in the traditional Islamic city”Ekistics42354–366
167.
WhiteS E, 1981, “The influence of urban residential preferences on spatial behaviour”Geographical Review71176–187
168.
WohwillJ F, 1976, “Environmental aesthetics: The environment as a source of affect” in Human Behaviour and Environment: Advances in theory and Research 1 Eds AltmanIWohwillJ F (Plenum, New York) pp 37–86
169.
WohwillJ F, 1978, “What belongs to where: Research on the fittingness of man-made structures in natural settings”Landscape Research33–5
170.
WrightJ K, 1947, “Terrae incognitae: The place of imagination in geography”Annals of the Association of American Geographers371–15.
