Alty, A. (1997). Nurses’ learning experience and expressed opinions regarding seclusion practice within one NHS trust. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25, 786-793.
2.
Binder, R., & McCoy, S. (1983). A study of patients’ attitudes toward placement in seclusion. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 34, 1052-1054.
3.
Bockoven, J. S. (1963). Moral treatment in American psychiatry. New York: Springer Publishing Co.
4.
Brown, J., & Tooke, S. (1992). On the seclusion of psychiatric patients. Social Science and Medicine, 35, 711-721.
5.
Cahill, C., Stuart, G., Laraia, M., & Arana, G., (1991). Inpatient management of violent behavior: Nursing prevention and intervention. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 12, 239-252.
6.
Canatsey, K., & Roper, J. (1997). Removal from stimuli for crisis intervention: Using least restrictive methods to improve the quality of patient care. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 18, 35-44.
7.
Delaney, K. (1994). Calming an escalated psychiatric milieu. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 7(3), 5-13.
8.
Deutsch, A. (1949). The mentally ill in America. New York: Columbia University Press.
9.
Fisher, W. (1994). Restraint and seclusion: A review of the literature. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1584-1591.
10.
Freedman, A., Kaplan, H., & Sadock, B. (1975). Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry-II. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, Co.
11.
Goren, S., Abraham, I., & Doyle, N. (1996). Reducing violence in a child psychiatric hospital through planned organizational change. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 9(2), 27-36.
12.
Harris, D., & Morrison, E., (1995). Managing violence without coercion. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 9, 203-210.
13.
Holzworth, R., & Wills, C. (1999). Nurses’ judgments regarding seclusion and restraint of psychiatric patients: A social judgment analysis. Research in Nursing and Health, 22, 189-201.
14.
Johnson, K., & Morrison, E. (1993). Control or negotiation: A health care challenge. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 17(3), 27-33.
15.
Johnson, M. (1998). A study of power and powerlessness. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 19, 191-206.
16.
Kirkpatrick, H. (1989). A descriptive study of seclusion: The unit environment, patient behavior, and nursing interventions. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 3, 3-9.
17.
Lehane, M., & Rees, C. (1996). Alternatives to seclusion in psychiatric care. British Journal of Nursing, 5, 974, 976-979.
18.
Lanza, M. (1992). Nurses as patient assault victims: An update, synthesis, and recommendations. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 6, 163-171.
19.
Maier, G. (1996). Managing threatening behavior. The role of talk down and talk up. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 34(6), 25-30.
20.
Martin, K. (1995). Improving staff safety through an aggression management program. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 9, 211-215.
21.
Martinez, R., Grimm, M. & Adamson, M. (1999). From the other side of the door: Patient views of seclusion. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 73(3), 13-22.
22.
Mohr, W., Mahon, M., & Noone, M. (1998). A restraint on restraints: The need to reconsider the use of restrictive interventions. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 12, 95-106.
23.
Morales, E., & Duphorne, P. (1995). Least restrictive measures: Alternatives to fourpoint restraints and seclusion. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 33(10), 13-16, 42-43.
24.
Morrison, E. (1990). The tradition of toughness: A study of nonprofessional nursing care in psychiatric settings. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 22, 32-38.
25.
Morrison, E. (1992). A coercive interactional style as an antecedent to aggression in psychiatric patients. Research in Nursing and Health, 15, 421-431.
26.
Morrison, E. (1993). Toward a better understanding of violence in psychiatric settings: Debunking the myths. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 7, 328-335.
27.
Morrison, E. (1994). The evolution of a concept: Aggression and violence in psychiatric settings. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 8, 245-253.
28.
Moss, R., & La Puma, J. (1991, January/February). The ethics of mechanical restraints. Hastings Center Report, 22-25.
29.
Norris, M., & Kennedy, C. (1992). The view from within: How patients perceive the seclusion process. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 30(3), 7-13.
30.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1998). Guidelines for preventing workplace violence for health care and social service workers (OSHA Publication No. 3148). Washington, DC: Author.
31.
Poster, E., & Ryan, J. (1989). Nurses’ attitudes toward physical assaults by patients. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 3, 315-322.
32.
Richmond, I., Trujillo, D., Schmelzer, J.Phillips, S., & Davis, D. (1996). Least restrictive alternatives: Do they really work?Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 11(1), 29-37.
33.
Ryan, J., & Poster, E. (1989). The assaulted nurse: Short-term and long-term responses. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 3, 323-331.
34.
Steele, R. (1993). Staff attitudes toward seclusion and restraint: Anything new?Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 29(3), 23-28.
35.
Stevenson, S. (1991). Heading off violence with verbal de-escalation. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 29(9), 6-10.
36.
Stilling, L. (1992). The pros and cons of physical restraints & behavior controls. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 30(3), 18-20, 33-34.
37.
Strumpf, N., & Tomes, N. (1993). Restraining the troublesome patient. A historical perspective on a contemporary debate. Nursing History Review, 1, 3-24.
38.
Walsh, E., & Randell, B. (1995). Seclusion and restraint: What we need to know. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 8(1), 28-40.
39.
Weiss, E. (1998, October 11-15). Deadly restraint: A nationwide pattern of death. The Hartford Courant.
40.
Whittington, R., & Patterson, P. (1996). Verbal and non-verbal behavior immediately prior to aggression by mentally disordered people: Enhancing the assessment of risk. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 3(1), 47-54.