Dowell SF,Schwartz B,Phillips WR.Appropriate use of antibiotics for URIs in children: Part I. Otitis media and acute sinusitis. The Pediatric URI Consensus Team.Am Fam Physician. 1998;58:1113 1123-8
3.
Gwaltney JM,Phillips CD,Miller RD.Computed tomographic study of the common cold.N Engl J Med. 1994;330:25-30
4.
Berg O,Carenfelt C,Rystedt G.Occurrence of asymptomatic sinusitis in common cold and other acute ENT- infections.Rhinology. 1986;24:223-5
5.
Ray NF,Baraniuk JN,Thamer M.Healthcare expenditures for sinusitis in 1996: Contributions of asthma, rhinitis, and other airway disorders.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103:408-14
6.
McCaig LF,Hughes JM.Trends in antimicrobial drug prescribing among office-based physicians in the United States [published erratum appears in JAMA 1998; 279: 434].JAMA. 1995;273:214-9
7.
Diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis.. Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 1999.:
8.
Nissinen A,Gronroos P,Huovinen P.Development of β-lactamase-mediated resistance to penicillin in middle-ear isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis in Finnish children, 1978-1993.Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:1193-6
9.
Arason V,Kristinsson K,Sigurdsson J.Do antimicrobials increase the carriage rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children? Cross sectional prevalence study.BMJ. 1996;313:387-91
10.
Seppala H,Klaukka T,Vuopio-Varkila J.The effect of changes in the consumption of macrolide antibiotics on erythromycin resistance in group A Streptococci in Finland.N Engl J Med. 1997;337:441-6
11.
Seppala H,Klaukka T,Lehtonen R.Outpatient use of erythromycin: Link to increased erythryromycin resistance in group A Streptococci.Clin Infect Dis. 1995;:1378-85
12.
Lanza DC,Kennedy DW.Adult rhinosinusitis defined.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;117:S1-7
13.
Makela MJ,Puhakka T,Ruuskanen O.Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold.J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:539-42
Greve JM,Davis G,Meyer AM.The major human rhinovirus receptor is ICAM-1.Cell. 1989;56:839-47
16.
Gwaltney JM,Hendley JO,Simon G.Rhinovirus infections in an industrial population. II. Characteristics of illness and antibody response.JAMA. 1967;202:494-500
17.
Gwaltney JM,Hendley JO,Phillips CD.Nose blowing propels nasal fluid into the paranasal sinuses.Clin Infect Dis. 2000.;:
18.
Monto AS,Ullman BM.Acute respiratory illness in an American community. The Tecumseh study.JAMA. 1974;227:164-9
19.
Wald ER,Guerra N,Byers C.Upper respiratory tract infections in young children: Duration of and frequency of complications.Pediatrics. 1991;87:129-33
20.
Mainous AG,Hueston WJ,Love MM.Antibiotics for colds in children: Who are the high prescribers?.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998;152:349-52
21.
Wang EE,Einarson TR,Kellner JD.Antibiotic prescribing for Canadian preschool children: Evidence of overprescribing for viral respiratory infections.Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:155-60
22.
Hays GC,Mullard JE.Can nasal bacterial flora be predicted from clinical findings?.Pediatrics. 1972;49:596-9
23.
Wald ER.Purulent nasal discharge.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991;10:329-33
Winther B.Effects on the nasal mucosa of upper respiratory viruses (common cold).Dan Med Bull. 1994;41:193-204
26.
Winther B,Brofeldt S,Gronborg H.Study of bacteria in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx during naturally acquired common colds.Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh). 1984;98:315-20
27.
Gwaltney JM,Scheld WM,Sande MA.The microbial etiology and antimicrobial therapy of adults with acute community-acquired sinusitis: A fifteen-year experience at the University of Virginia and review of other selected studies.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;90:457-61
28.
Gold SM,Tami TA.Role of middle meatus aspiration culture in the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis.Laryngoscope. 1997;107:1586-9
29.
Brook I,Frazier EH,Foote PA.Microbiology of chronic maxillary sinusitis: Comparison between specimens obtained by sinus endoscopy and by surgical drainage.J Med Microbiol. 1997;46:430-2
30.
Williams JW,Simel DL.Does this patient have sinusitis? Diagnosing acute sinusitis by history and physical examination.JAMA. 1993;270:1242-6
31.
Tiedjen KU,Becker E,Heimann KD.Value of B-image ultrasound in diagnosis of paranasal sinus diseases in comparison with computerized tomography.Laryngorhinootologie. 1998;77:541-6
32.
de Bock GH,Houwing-Duistermaat JJ,Springer MP.Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests in acute maxillary sinusitis determined by maximum likelihood in the absence of an external standard.J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47:1343-52
33.
Laine K,Maatta T,Varonen H.Diagnosing acute maxillary sinusitis in primary care: A comparison of ultrasound, clinical examination and radiography.Rhinology. 1998;36:2-6
34.
Zinreich SJ.Rhinosinusitis: Radiologic diagnosis.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;117:S27-S34
35.
Leopold DA SC,Sod EW,Szeverenyi NM.Clinical course of acute maxillary sinusitis documented by sequential MRI scanning.Am J Rhinol. 1994;8:19-28
36.
Gwaltney J,Syndor A,Sande M.Etiology and antimicrobial treatment of acute sinusitis.Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1981;90:68-71
37.
Berg O,Carenfelt C,Kronvall G.Bacteriology of maxillary sinusitis in relation to character of inflammation and prior treatment.Scand J Infect Dis. 1988;20:511-6
38.
Brook I.Microbiology and management of sinusitis.J Otolaryngol. 1996;25:249-56
Wald ER,Reilly JS,Casselbrant M.Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis in childhood: A comparative study of amoxicillin and cefaclor.J Pediatr. 1984;104:297-302
41.
Faden H,Duffy L,Wasielewski R.Relationship between nasopharyngeal colonization and the development of otitis media in children. Tonawanda/Williamsville Pediatrics.J Infect Dis. 1997;175:1440-5
42.
Faden H,Waz MJ,Bernstein JM.Nasopharyngeal flora in the first three years of life in normal and otitis-prone children.Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1991;100:612-5
43.
Muller-Graf CD,Whatmore AM,King SJ.Population biology of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from oropharyngeal carriage and invasive disease.Microbiology. 1999;145:3283-93
44.
Scott JA,Hall AJ,Dagan R.Serogroup-specific epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Associations with age, sex, and geography in 7,000 episodes of invasive disease.Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:973-81
45.
Butler JC.Epidemiology of pneumococcal serotypes and conjugate vaccine formulations.Microb Drug Resist. 1997;3:125-9
46.
Faden H,Duffy L,Williams A.Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal colonization with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the first 2 years of life.J Infect Dis. 1995;172:132-5
47.
Faden H,Harabuchi Y,Hong JJ.Epidemiology of Moraxella catarrhalis in children during the first 2 years of life: relationship to otitis media.J Infect Dis. 1994;169:1312-7
48.
Dagan R,Leibovitz E,Greenberg D.Dynamics of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization during the first days of antibiotic treatment in pediatric patients.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17:880-5
49.
Ekdahl K,Ahlinder I,Hansson HB.Duration of nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: experiences from the South Swedish Pneumococcal Intervention Project.Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25:1113-7
50.
Appelbaum PC.Epidemiology and in vitro susceptibility of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15:932-4
51.
Jacobs M,Appelbaum P.Antibiotic resistant pneumococci.Rev Med Microbiol. 1995;6:77-93
52.
Fasola E,Bajaksouzian S,Appelbaum P.Variation in erythromycin and clindamycin susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae in four test methods.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41:129-34
53.
Sutcliffe J,Grebe T,Tait-Kamradt A.Detection of erythromycin-resistant determinants by PCR.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996;40:2562-6
54.
Doern G.Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens of the respiratory tract.Am J Med. 1995;99:6B-3S-6B-7S
55.
Jacobs MR,Bajaksouzian S,Zilles A.Susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae to 10 oral antimicrobial agents based on pharmacodynamic parameters: 1997 U.S. Surveillance study.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43:1901-8
56.
Jacobs M,Bajaksouzian S,Lin G.Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis to oral agents: results of a 1998 US outpatient surveillance study.ICAAC. 1999;:
57.
CDC.Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1999; p. 656–61
58.
CDC. Active bacterial core surveillance (ABCs) report, emerging infections program network, S pneumoniae 1998. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidoaYdbmd/abcs/servereports/spneu98.pdf1999.
59.
Felmingham D,Washington J.Trends in the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory tract pathogens: Findings of the Alexander Project 1992-1996.J Chemother. 1999;11:5-21
60.
Jorgensen J,Doem G,Maher L.Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990;24:2075-80
61.
Doern G,Pfaller M,Kugler K.Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in North America: 1997 results from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program.Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:764-70
62.
Doern G.Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens in the respiratory tract.Am J Med. 1995;99:3S-7S
63.
Doern G,Brueggemann A,Holley H.Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the winter months of 1994 to 1995: Results of a 30-center National Surveillance Study.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996;40:1208-13
64.
Barry A,Pfaller M,Fuchs P.In vitro activities of 12 orally administered antimicrobial agents against four species of bacterial respiratory pathogens from US medical centers in 1992 and 1993.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;38:2419-25
65.
Dagan R,Leibovitz E,Fliss DM.Bacteriologic efficacies of oral azithromycin and oral cefaclor in treatment of acute otitis media in infants and young children.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:43-50
66.
Ambrose P,Owens R.New antibiotics in pulmonary critical care medicine; focus on advanced generation quinolones and cephalosporins.Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;21:19-32
67.
de Ferranti SD,Ioannidis JP,Lau J.Are amoxycillin and folate inhibitors as effective as other antibiotics for acute sinusitis? A meta-analysis.BMJ. 1998;317:632-7
68.
Vogelman B,Gudmundsson S,Leggett J.Correlation of antimicrobial pharmacokinetic parameters with therapeutic efficacy in an animal model.J Infect Dis. 1988;158:831-47
69.
Craig W.Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: Rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men.Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:1-12
70.
Craig WA,Andes D.Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in otitis media.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15:255-9
71.
Craig WA.Antimicrobial resistance issues of the future.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996;25:213-7
72.
Ambrose PG,Quintiliani R.Continuous vs intermittent infusion of cefuroxime for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.Infect Dis Clin Prac. 1997;7:463-70
73.
Mason EO LL,Kershaw NL,Prosser B.Streptoccus pneumoniae in the United States: In vitro susceptibility and pharmacodynamic analysis.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;45:623-31
74.
Odenholt-Tornqvist I,Lowdin E,Cars O.Postantibiotic effects and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of roxithromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin on respiratory tract pathogens.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995;39:221-6
75.
Jackson M,Burry V,Olson L.Breakthrough sepsis in macrolide resistant pneumococcal infection.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15:1049-51
76.
Leach A,Shelby-James T,Mayo M.A prospective study of the impact of community-based arithromycin treatment of trachoma on carriage and resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae..Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:356-62
77.
Guggenbichler J,Kastner U.In influence of antibiotics on the normal flora.Infect Med. 1998;15 ((Suppl A)): 15-22
78.
Moore RD,Lietman PS,Smith CR.Clinical response to aminoglycoside therapy: Importance of the ratio of peak concentration to minimal inhibitory concentration.J Infect Dis. 1987;155:93-9
79.
Preston SL,Drusano GL,Berman AL.Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin: A new paradigm for early clinical trials.JAMA. 1998;279:125-9
80.
Drusano GL,Johnson DE,Rosen M.Pharmacodynamics of a fluouroquinolone antimicrobial agent in a neutropenic rat model of Pseudomonas sepsis.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:483-90
81.
Powell S,Thompson W,Luthe M.Once-daily vs. continuous aminoglycoside dosing: Efficacy and toxicity in animal and clinical studies of gentamicin, netilmicin, and tobramycin.J Infect Dis. 1983;147:918-32
82.
Forrest A,Nix D,Ballow C.Pharmacodynamics of intravenous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37:1073-81
83.
Lacy MK,Lu W,Xu X.Pharmacodynamic comparisons of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro model of infection.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43:672-7
84.
Lister PD,Sanders CC.Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae..J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;43:79-86
85.
VesgaOWaC. Activity of levofloxacin against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in normal and neutropenic mice. Abstracts of the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1996, New Orleans
86.
AmbrosePGraselaD. Effect of pharmacokinetic and microbiological variability on the pharmacodynamics of gatifloxacin and levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1999, San Francisco
87.
Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard supplemental tables.NCCLS. 2000;20:1-25
88.
Lynch J,Martinez F.Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for treatment in the new century.Medscape Respiratory Care. 1999;:
89.
Dowell SF,Butler JC,Giebink GS.Acute otitis media: management and surveillance in an era of pneumococcal resistance: A report from the drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae therapeutic working group [published erratum appears in Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18:341].Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18:1-9
90.
Arnold KE,Leggiadro RJ,Breiman RF.Risk factors for carriage of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in Memphis, Tennessee.J Pediatr. 1996;128:757-64
91.
Cizman M,Pokorn M,Seme K.Influence of increased macrolide consumption on macrolide resistance of common respiratory pathogens.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999;18:522-4
92.
Fairchok M,Ashton W,Fischer G.Carriage of penicillin-resistant pneumococci in a military population in Washington, DC: Risk factors and correlation with clinical isolates.Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:966-72
93.
Syrogiannopoulos GA,Mitselos CJ,Beratis NG.Childhood bacterial meningitis in Southwestern Greece: A population-based study.Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:1471-3
94.
Marchant C,Carlin S,Johnson C.Measuring the comparative efficacy of antibacterial agents for acute otitis media: The “Pollyanna phenomenon.”.J Pediatr. 1992;120:72-7
95.
JonesR. Sentry Surveillance Program: US isolates.1998.
96.
Roujeau JC,Kelly JP,Naldi L.Medication use and the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis.N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1600-7
