Objective
To analyze mushroom poisoning epidemiologic data in the United States. Additionally, to review the types mushroom poisoning, causative organisms, and available treatments.
Methods
Mushroom exposures and fatalities between 1999 and 2015 were obtained from the National Poison Data System. This information was compiled and statistically analyzed. Primary literature, textbooks, and field guides were used to review types of poisoning, culprit mushrooms, and available treatments.
Results
Over the last 17 years 127,279 cases (7487/year) of mushroom exposure, mostly ingestion, have been reported. Cases are most frequently unintentional (83%, P < .001), cause no or only minor harm (86%, P < .001), occur in children <6 years old (62%, P < .001). Approximately 665 (39/year) exposures have resulted in major harm. Fifty (2.9/year) fatalities have occurred, mostly (83%) from cyclopeptide-containing mushrooms ingested by older adults (mean age 61.0±18.5 years).
Conclusions
The National Poison Data System recognizes 7 distinct groups of poisoning, although many more are likely to exist. The vast majority of ingestions result in no or minor harm, although some groups, like cyclopeptides, ibotenic acid, and monomethylhydrazine, can be deadly.