Walls RS,Heddle RJ,Tang ML, et al.Optimising the management of allergic rhinitis: an Australian perspective.Med J Aust. 2005;182:28-33
5.
American College of Allergy, Asthma & ImmunologyAdvice From Your Allergist: Rhinitis. http://www.acaai.org/public/advice/rhin.htm.
6.
Dykewicz MS,Fineman S,Skoner DP, et al.Diagnosis and management of rhinitis: complete guidelines of the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters in Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1998;81:478-518
7.
Gallup Study of Allergies 2005 (Phase II Report) http://multispon-sorsurveys.com.
8.
Strachan D,Sibbald B,Weiland S, et al.Worldwide variations in prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC).Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1997;8:161-76
9.
Linneberg A,Jorgensen T,Nielsen NH, et al.The prevalence of skin-test-positive allergic rhinitis in Danish adults: two cross-sectional surveys 8 years apart. The Copenhagen Allergy Study.Allergy. 2000;55:767-72
10.
Spector SL..Overview of comorbid associations of allergic rhinitis.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99:S773-80
11.
Savolainen S..Allergy in patients with acute maxillary sinusitis.Allergy. 1989;44:116-22
Allergy ReportThe American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 2000. http://www.theallergyreport.com/reportindex.html.
14.
Guerra S,Sherrill DL,Martinez FD, et al.Rhinitis as an independent risk factor for adult-onset asthma.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:419-25
15.
Grant JA,Nicodemus CF,Findlay SR, et al.Cetirizine in patients with seasonal rhinitis and concomitant asthma: prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;95:923-32
16.
Corren J,Harris A,Aaronson D, et al.Efficacy and safety of loratadine plus pseudoephedrine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and mild asthma.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;100:781-8
17.
Canonica GW..Introduction to nasal and pulmonary allergy cascade..Allergy. 2002;57 (suppl 75): 8-12
18.
Ferguson BJ..Influences of allergic rhinitis on sleep.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:617-29
19.
Meltzer EO,Nathan RA,Selner JC, et al.Quality of life and rhinitic symptoms: results of a nationwide survey with the SF-36 and RQLQ questionnaires..J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99 (suppl): S815-9
20.
Bousquet J,Bullinger M,Fayol C, et al.Assessment of quality of life in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis with the French version of the SF-36 Health Status Questionnaire.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994;94:182-8
21.
Vuurman EF,van Veggel LM,Uiterwijk MM, et al.Seasonal allergic rhinitis and antihistamine effects on children's learning.Ann Allergy. 1993;71:121-6
22.
Marshall PS,O'Hara C,Steinberg P..Effects of seasonal allergic rhinitis on selected cognitive abilities.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000;84:403-10
23.
Fineman SM..The burden of allergic rhinitis: beyond dollars and cents..Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;88 (4): 2-7
24.
Borres MP,Brakenhielm G,Irander K..How many teenagers think they have allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and what they do about it.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;78:29-34
25.
Tanner LA,Reilly M,Meltzer EO, et al.Effect of fexofenadine HCI on quality of life and work, classroom, and daily activity impairment in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis..Am J Managed Care. 1999;5 (suppl): S235-47
26.
Meltzer EO,Casale TB,Nathan RA, et al.Once-daily fexofenadine HCI improves quality of life and reduces work and activity impairment in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999;83:311-7
27.
Lamb CE,Ratner PH,Johnson CE, et al.Economic impact of workplace productivity losses due to allergic rhinitis compared with select medical conditions in the United States from an employer perspective.Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22:1203-10
28.
Ray NF,Baraniuk JN,Thamer M, et al.Direct expenditures for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in 1996, including the contributions of related airway illnesses.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103:401-7
29.
Fast Stats A-Z. Vital and Health Statistics. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey; 2003:
30.
Am J Manag Care. 1997;3:S8-18
31.
Crystal-Peters J,Crown WH,Goetzel RZ, et al.The cost of productivity losses associated with allergic rhinitis.Am J Manag Care. 2000;6:373-8
32.
Bousquet J,Van Cauwenberge P,Khaltaev N.ARIA Workshop Group; World Health Organization. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:S147-334
33.
Prenner BM,Schenkel E..Allergic rhinitis: treatment based on patient profiles.Am J Med. 2006;119:230-7
34.
Gelfand EW,Plaut M,Washington T..Current trends in allergic rhinitis: a multidisciplinary approach to patient management.Clinician. 2003;21:1-19
35.
Lund VJ..Seasonal allergic rhinitis—a review of current therapy..Allergy. 1996;51 (28 suppl): 5-7
36.
Physicians' Desk Reference. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company; 2006:
37.
Simons FE..Advances in H1-antihistamines.N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2203-17
38.
Meltzer E,Prenner B,Nayak A.Desloratadine Study Group. Efficacy and tolerability of once-daily 5 mg desloratadine, an H1-receptor antagonist, in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: assessment during the spring and fall allergy seasons.Clin Drug Invest. 2001;21:25-32
39.
Berger WE,Schenkel EJ,Mansfield LE.Desloratadine Study Group. Safety and efficacy of desloratadine 5 mg in asthma patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and nasal congestion.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;89:485-91
40.
Simons FE,Prenner BM,Finn A.Desloratadine Study Group. Efficacy and safety of desloratadine in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111:617-22
41.
Bousquet J,Duchateau J,Pignat JC, et al.Improvement of quality of life by treatment with cetirizine in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis as determined by a French version of the SF-36 questionnaire.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;98:309-16
42.
Carlsen KH,Kramer J,Fagertun HE, et al.Loratadine and terfenadine in perennial allergic rhinitis. Treatment of nonresponders to the one drug with the other drug.Allergy. 1993;48:431-6
43.
Meltzer EO,Malmstrom K,Lu S, et al.Concomitant montelukast and loratadine as treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105:917-22
Meltzer EO..Productivity costs of antihistamines in the workplace.Occup Health Saf. 1996;65:46-50
46.
Gengo F,Gabos C,Miller JK..The pharmacodynamics of diphenhydramine-induced drowsiness and changes in mental performance.Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1989;45:15-21
47.
Kay GG,Berman B,Mockoviak SH, et al.Initial and steady-state effects of diphenhydramine and loratadine on sedation, cognition, mood and psychomotor performance.Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2350-6
48.
Gilmore TM,Alexander BH,Mueller BA, et al.Occupational injuries and medication use.Am J Ind Med. 1996;30:234-9
49.
Kay GG..The effects of antihistamines on cognition and performance..J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105 (suppl): S622-7
50.
Physicians' Desk Reference for Nonprescription Drugs. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company; 2006:
51.
Yap YG,Camm AJ..Potential cardiac toxicity of H1-antihistamines.Clin Allergy Immunol. 2002;17:389-419
52.
Corren J,Storms W,Bernstein J, et al.Azelastine Cetirizine Trial No. 1 (ACT 1) Study Group. Effectiveness of azelastine nasal spray compared with oral cetirizine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.Clin Ther. 2005;27:543-53
53.
Astelin® (azelastine) prescribing informationMedPointe Pharmaceuticals, August 2000.
54.
Lefkowitz RJ,Hoffman BB,Taylor P.The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed.Hardman JGLimbird EMolinoff PB, ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996:105-39.
55.
Grosclaude M,Mees K,Pinelli ME, et al.Cetirizine and pseudoephedrine retard, given alone or in combination, in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.Rhinology. 1997;35:67-73
56.
McFadden EA,Gungor A,Ng B, et al.Loratadine/pseudoephedrine for nasal symptoms in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study..Ear Nose Throat J. 2000;79:254 257 260-8
57.
Schenkel E,Corren J,Murray JJ..Efficacy of once-daily desloratadine/pseudoephedrine for relief of nasal congestion.Allergy Asthma Proc. 2002;23:325-30
58.
Phenylpropanolamine-containing drug products for over-the-counter human use; tentative final monographs..Federal Register. 2005;70 (245): 75988-75998
59.
Kernan WN,Viscoli CM,Brass LM, et al.Phenylpropanolamine and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke.N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1826-32
60.
Beck RA,Mercado DL,Seguin SM, et al.Cardiovascular effects of pseudoephedrine in medically controlled hypertensive patients.Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:1242-5
61.
Black MJ,Remsen KA..Rhinitis medicamentosa.Can Med Assoc J. 1980;122:881-4
62.
Bachert C,van Cauwenberge P,Khaltaev N, et al.Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA). Executive summary of the workshop report.Allergy. 2002;57:841-55
63.
Trangsrud AJ,Whitaker AL,Small RE..Intranasal corticosteroids for allergic rhinitis.Pharmacotherapy. 2002;22:1458-67
64.
Barnes PJ..Inhaled glucocorticoids for asthma.N Engl J Med. 1995;332:868-75
65.
Ciprandi G,Canonica WG,Grosclaude M, et al.Effects of budesonide and fluticasone propionate in a placebo-controlled study on symptoms and quality of life in seasonal allergic rhinitis.Allergy. 2002;57:586-91
66.
Mandl M,Nolop K,Lutsky BN..Comparison of once daily mometasone furoate (Nasonex) and fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal sprays for the treatment of perennial rhinitis. 194-079 Study Group.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;79:370-8
67.
Stern MA,Dahl R,Nielsen LP, et al.A comparison of aqueous suspensions of budesonide nasal spray (128 micrograms and 256 micrograms once daily) and fluticasone propionate nasal spray (200 micrograms once daily) in the treatment of adult patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.Am J Rhinol. 1997;11:323-30
68.
Day J,Carrillo T..Comparison of the efficacy of budesonide and fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray for once daily treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102:902-8
69.
Weiner JM,Abramson MJ,Puy RM..Intranasal corticosteroids versus oral H1 receptor antagonists in allergic rhinitis: systematic review of randomised controlled trials.BMJ. 1998;317:1624-9
70.
Saengpanich S,deTineo M,Naclerio RM, et al.Fluticasone nasal spray and the combination of loratadine and montelukast in seasonal allergic rhinitis.Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:557-62
71.
Berkowitz RB,Roberson S,Zora J, et al.Mometasone fumerate nasal spray is rapidly effective in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in an outdoor (park), acute exposure setting.Allergy Asthma Proc. 1999;20:167-72
72.
Berger WE,Fineman SM,Lieberman P, et al.Double-blind trials of azelastine nasal spray monotherapy versus combination therapy with loratadine tablets and beclomethasone nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Rhinitis Study Groups.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999;82:535-41
73.
Ratner PH,van Bavel JH,Martin BG, et al.A comparison of the efficacy of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and loratadine, alone and in combination, for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.J Fam Pract. 1998;47:118-25
74.
Krahnke J,Skoner D..Benefit and risk management for steroid treatment in upper airway diseases.Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2002;2:507-12
75.
Gross G,Jacobs RL,Woodworth TH, et al.Comparative efficacy, safety, and effect on quality of life of triamcinolone acetonide and fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal sprays in patients with fall seasonal allergic rhinitis.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;89:56-62
76.
Meltzer EO..Clinical evidence for antileukotriene therapy in the management of allergic rhinitis.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;88:23-9
77.
Philip G,Malmstrom K,Hampel FC, et al.Montelukast Spring Rhinitis Study Group. Montelukast for treating seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial performed in the spring.Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32:1020-8
78.
Nayak AS,Philip G,Lu S, et al.Montelukast Fall Rhinitis Investigator Group. Efficacy and tolerability of montelukast alone or in combination with loratadine in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial performed in the fall.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;88:592-600
79.
Patel P,Philip G,Yang W, et al.Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of montelukast for treating perennial allergic rhinitis.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;95:551-7
80.
Nathan RA..Pharmacotherapy for allergic rhinitis: a critical review of leukotriene receptor antagonists compared with other treatments.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;90:182-90
81.
Druce HM,Wright RH,Kossoff D, et al.Cholinergic nasal hyperre-activity in atopic subjects.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1985;76:445-52
82.
Baroody FM,Wagenmann M,Naclerio RM..Comparison of the secretory response of the nasal mucosa to methacholine and histamine.J Appl Physiol. 1993;74:2661-71
83.
Baroody FM,Ford S,Lichtenstein LM, et al.Physiologic responses and histamine release after nasal antigen challenge. Effect of atropine.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:1457-65
84.
Kaiser HB,Findlay SR,Georgitis JW, et al.The anticholinergic agent, ipratropium bromide, is useful in the treatment of rhinorrhea associated with perennial allergic rhinitis.Allergy Asthma Proc. 1998;19:23-9
85.
Meltzer EO,Orgel HA,Bronsky EA, et al.Ipratropium bromide aqueous nasal spray for patients with perennial allergic rhinitis: a study of its effect on their symptoms, quality of life, and nasal cytology.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;90:242-9
86.
Bronsky EA,Druce H,Findlay SR, et al.A clinical trial of ipratropium bromide nasal spray in patients with perennial nonallergic rhinitis.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;95:1117-22
87.
Grossman J,Banov C,Boggs P, et al.Use of ipratropium bromide nasal spray in chronic treatment of nonallergic perennial rhinitis, alone and in combination with other perennial rhinitis medications.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;95:1123-7
88.
Dockhorn R,Aaronson D,Bronsky E, et al.Ipratropium bromide nasal spray 0.03% and beclomethasone nasal spray alone and in combination for the treatment of rhinorrhea in perennial rhinitis.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999;82:349-59
89.
Fell WR,Mabry RL,Mabry CS..Quality of life analysis of patients undergoing immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis.Ear Nose Throat J. 1997;76:528-32
90.
Walker SM,Pajno GB,Torres-Lima M, et al.Grass pollen immunotherapy for seasonal rhinitis and asthma: a randomized, controlled trial.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:87-93
91.
Corrigan CJ,Kettner J,Doemer C, et al.Efficacy and safety of preseasonal-specific immunotherapy with an aluminium-adsorbed six-grass pollen allergoid.Allergy. 2005;60:801-7
92.
Ferrer M,Burches E,Pelaez A, et al.Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of immunotherapy with Parietaria judaica: clinical efficacy and tolerance.J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol. 2005;15:283-92
93.
Jutel M,Jaeger L,Suck R, et al.Allergen-specific immunotherapy with recombinant grass pollen allergens.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116:608-13
94.
Frew AJ,Powell RJ,Corrigan CJ, et al.on behalf of the UK Immunotherapy Study Group. Efficacy and safety of specific immunotherapy with SQ allergen extract in treatment-resistant seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:319-25
95.
Eng PA,Borer-Reinhold M,Heijnen IA, et al.Twelve-year follow-up after discontinuation of preseasonal grass pollen immunotherapy in childhood.Allergy. 2006;61:198-201
96.
Durham SR,Walker SM,Varga EM, et al.Long-term clinical efficacy of grass-pollen immunotherapy.N Engl J Med. 1999;341:468-75
97.
Valovirta E..Capacity of specific immunotherapy in prevention of allergic asthma in children: the Preventive Allergy Treatment Study (PAT).J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1997;7:369-70
98.
Moller C,Dreborg S,Ferdousi HA, et al.Pollen immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis (the PAT-study).J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:251-6
99.
Polosa R,Li Gotti F,Mangano G, et al.Effect of immunotherapy on asthma progression, BHR and sputum eosinophils in allergic rhinitis.Allergy. 2004;59:1224-8
100.
Polosa R,Al-Delaimy WK,Russo C, et al.Greater risk of incident asthma cases in adults with allergic rhinitis and effect of allergen immunotherapy: a retrospective cohort study.Respir Res. 2005;6:153
101.
Des Roches A,Paradis L,Menardo JL, et al.Immunotherapy with a standardized Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract. VI. Specific immunotherapy prevents the onset of new sensitizations in children.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99:450-3
102.
Pajno GB,Barberio G,De Luca F, et al.Prevention of new sensitizations in asthmatic children monosensitized to house dust mite by specific immunotherapy. A six-year follow-up study.Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31:1392-7
103.
Purello-D'Ambrosio F,Gangemi S,Merendino RA, et al.Prevention of new sensitizations in monosensitized subjects submitted to specific immunotherapy or not. A retrospective study.Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31:1295-302
104.
Theodoropoulos DS,Lockey RF..Allergen immunotherapy: guidelines, update, and recommendations of the World Health Organization.Allergy Asthma Proc. 2000;21:159-66
105.
Canonica GW,Passalacqua G..Noninjection routes for immunotherapy.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111:437-48
106.
Cox LS,Linnemann DL,Nolte H, et al.Sublingual immunotherapy: a comprehensive review.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:1021-35
107.
Clavel R,Bousquet J,Andre C..Clinical efficacy of sublingual-swallow immunotherapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a standardized five-grass-pollen extract in rhinitis.Allergy. 1998;53:493-8
108.
Milgrom H,Fick RB,Su JQ, et al.Treatment of allergic asthma with monoclonal anti-IgE antibody. rhuMAb-E25 Study Group.N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1966-73
109.
Adelroth E,Rak S,Haahtela T, et al.Recombinant humanized mAb-E25, an anti-IgE mAb, in birch pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis.Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:253-9
110.
Casale TB,Condemi J,LaForce C, et al.Omalizumab Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis Trial Group. Effect of omalizumab on symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized controlled trial.JAMA. 2001;286:2956-67
111.
Kuehr J,Brauburger J,Zielen S, et al.Efficacy of combination treatment with anti-IgE plus specific immunotherapy in polysensitized children and adolescents with seasonal allergic rhinitis.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:274-80
112.
Graziano FM,Stahl JL,Barney NP, et al.Olopatadine inhibits histamine-stimulated IL-8 release from human nasal epithelial cells in vitro (abstract 202).J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:S50
113.
PatelPWallGMBenningerPJDose response, duration and onset of action of olopatadine nasal spray. Poster no. 258 presented at the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Annual Meeting. November 12-17, 2004; Boston, MA.
114.
Ratner PH,Hampel FC,Amar NJ, et al.Safety and efficacy of olopatadine hydrochloride nasal spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis to mountain cedar.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;95:474-9
115.
Meltzer EO,Hampel FC,Ratner PH, et al.Safety and efficacy of olopatadine hydrochloride nasal spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;95:600-6
116.
Christie P..Ciclesonide: a novel inhaled corticosteroid for asthma.Drugs Today (Barc). 2004;40:569-78
117.
Ratner PH,van Bavel JH,Hampel F, et al.Dose-dependent effectiveness of ciclesonide nasal spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis (abstract).J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;(suppl):S28
118.
Blaiss MS..Cognitive, social, and economic costs of allergic rhinitis.Allergy Asthma Proc. 2000;21:7-13
119.
McLoughlin J,Nall M,Isaacs B, et al.The relationship of allergies and allergy treatment to school performance and student behavior.Ann Allergy. 1983;51:506-10
Hanrahan LP,Paramore LC..Aeroallergens, allergic rhinitis, and sedating antihistamines: risk factors for traumatic occupational injury and economic impact.Am J Ind Med. 2003;44:438-46
122.
Weiler JM,Bloomfield JR,Woodworth GG, et al.Effects of fexofenadine, diphenhydramine, and alcohol on driving performance. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in the Iowa driving simulator.Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:354-63
123.
Bousquet J,Knani J,Dhivert H, et al.Quality of life in asthma. I. Internal consistency and validity of the SF-36 questionnaire.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:371-5
124.
Blaiss MS..Important aspects in management of allergic rhinitis: compliance, cost, and quality of life.Allergy Asthma Proc. 2003;24:231-8
125.
Ford S,Schofield T,Hope T..What are the ingredients for a successful evidence-based patient choice consultation?: A qualitative study.Soc Sci Med. 2003;56:589-602
126.
Epstein RM,Alper BS,Quill TE..Communicating evidence for participatory decision making.JAMA. 2004;291:2359-66
127.
Waitzkin H..Doctor-patient communication: clinical implications of social scientific research.JAMA. 1984;252:2441-6
128.
Braddock CH,Fihn SD,Levinson W, et al.How doctors and patients discuss routine clinical decisions. Informed decision making in the outpatient setting.J Gen Intern Med. 1997;12:339-45
129.
Braddock CH,Edwards KA,Hasenberg NM, et al.Informed decision making in outpatient practice: time to get back to basics.JAMA. 1999;282:2313-20