Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery

Post JC. Direct evidence of bacterial biofilms in otitis media. Laryngoscope 2001; 111: 2083–94.

Khalid AN , Hunt J , Perloff JR , Kennedy DW. The role of bone in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2002; 112: 1951–7.

Kennedy DW , Senior BA , Gannon FH , Montone KT , Hwang P , Lanza DC. Histology and histomorphometry of ethmoid bone in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 1998; 108: 502–7.

Perloff JR , Gannon FH , Bolger WE , Montone KT , Orlandi R , Kennedy DW. Bone involvement in sinusitis: an apparent pathway for the spread of disease. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 2095–9.

Hofer MF , Harbeck RJ , Schlievert PM , Leung DY. Staphylococcal toxins augment specific IgE responses by atopic patients exposed to allergen. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112: 171–6.

Jabara HH , Geha RS. The superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 induces CD40 ligand expression and modulates IgE isotype switching. Int Immunol 1996; 8: 1503–10.

Vennewald I , Henker M , Klemm E Seebacher. Fungal colonization of the paranasal sinuses. Mycosis 1999; 42: 33–6.

Ponikau JU , Sherris DA , Kern EB The diagnosis and incidence of allergic fungal sinusitis. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74: 877–84.

Catten M , Murr A , Goldstein J , Mhatre A , Lalwani A. Detection of fungi in the nasal mucosal using polymerase chain reaction. Laryngoscope 2001; 111: 399–403.

International Rhinosinusitis Advisory Board. Infectious rhinosinusitis in adults: classification, etiology and management. Ear Nose Throat J 1997;76: 5–22.

Medicode. ICD-9-CM Expert for Hospitals. 6th ed. Ingenix-St Anthony's Press; 2003. p. 137–9.

Lanza DC , Kennedy DW. Adult rhinosinusitis defined. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 117(suppl): Sl–7.

Bachert C , Gevaert P , Holtappels G , Johansson SG , van Cauwenberge P. Total and specific IgE in nasal polyps is related to local eosinophilic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 607–14.

Bone RC , Balk RA , Cerra FB Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 1992; 101: 1644–55.

Chensue S , Ward P. Inflammation. In: Damjanov I , Linder J , editors. Anderson's pathology. 10th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 1996.

Collins T. Acute and chronic inflammation. In: Cotran R , Kumar V , Collins T , editors. Robbins' pathologic basis of disease. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 1999.

Szekanecz Z , Koch A. Inflammation: cells, cytokines, and other mediators. In: Humes H , editor. Kelley's textbook of internal medicine, 4th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.

Gwaltney J. Historical eras of the common cold. In: Sande M , Root T , editors. Contemporary issues in infectious disease. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1993. p. 1–13.

Gwaltney J , Heinz B. Rhinovirus. In: Richman D , Whitley R , Hayden F , editors. Clinical virology. 2nd ed. Portland (OR): ASM Press; 2002. p. 995–1018.

Hendley JO , Gwaltney JM Jr. Mechanisms of transmission of rhinovirus infections. Epidemiol Rev 1988; 10: 243–58.

Winther B , Gwaltney JM Jr. , Mygind N , Turner RB , Hendley JO ,. Sites of rhinovirus recovery after point inoculation of the upper airway. JAMA 1986; 256: 1763–7.

Winther B , Innes DJ. The human adenoid. A morphologic study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 120: 144–9.

Winther B , Greve JM , Gwaltney JM Jr. Surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 on epithelial cells in the human adenoid. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 523–5.

Gwaltney JM Jr. , Hayden FG ,. Psychological stress and the common cold. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 644–6.

Harris JM 2nd , Gwaltney JM Jr. Incubation periods of experimental rhinovirus infection and illness. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 1287–90.

Gwaltney JM Jr. , Phillips CD , Miller RD , Riker DK ,. Computed tomographic study of the common cold. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 25–30.

Puhakka T , Makela MJ , Alanen A Sinusitis in the common cold. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 403–8.

Kristo A , Uhari M , Luotonen J Paranasal sinus findings in children during respiratory infection evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatrics 2003; 111: e586–9.

Mogensen C , Tos M. Quantitative histology of the maxillary sinus. Rhinology 1977; 15: 129–40.

Mogensen C , Tos M. Quantitative histology of the normal sphenoidal sinus. Rhinology 1978; 16: 203–13.

Gwaltney JM Jr. , Hendley JO , Phillips CD , Bass CR , Mygind N , Winther B ,. Nose blowing propels nasal fluid into the paranasal sinuses. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30: 387–91.

Gwaltney JM Jr. Acute community-acquired sinusitis. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 1209–25.

Gwaltney JM Jr. , Wiesinger BA , Patrie JT ,. Acute community-acquired bacterial sinusitis: the value of antimicrobial treatment and the natural history. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 227–33.

Arruda E , Boyle TR , Winther B , Pevear DC , Gwaltney JM Jr. , Hayden FG ,. Localization of human rhinovirus replication in the upper respiratory tract by in situ hybridization. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 1329–33.

Evans FO Jr. , Sydnor JB , Moore WE Sinusitis of the maxillary antrum. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 735–9.

Wald ER , Milmoe GJ , Bowen A , Ledesma-Medina J , Salamon N , Bluestone CD ,. Acute maxillary sinusitis in children. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 749–54.

Wald ER , Reilly JS , Casselbrant M Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis in childhood: a comparative study of amoxicillin and cefaclor. J Pediatr 1984; 104: 297–302.

Wald ER , Byers C , Guerra N , Casselbrant M , Beste D. Subacute sinusitis in children. J Pediatr 1989; 115: 28–32.

Brook I. Bacteriologic features of chronic sinusitis in children. JAMA 1981; 246: 967–9.

Brook I , Yocum P , Shah K. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of concurrent chronic otitis media with effusion and chronic sinusitis in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 126: 174–6.

Otten FW , Grote JJ. Treatment of chronic maxillary sinusitis in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1988; 15: 269–78.

Otten FW. Conservative treatment of chronic maxillary sinusitis in children. Long-term follow-up. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1997; 51: 173–5.

Orobello PW Jr. , Park RI , Belcher LJ Microbiology of chronic sinusitis in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991; 117: 980–3.

Don DM , Yellon RF , Casselbrant ML , Bluestone CD. Efficacy of a stepwise protocol that includes intravenous antibiotic therapy for the management of chronic sinusitis in children and adolescents. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 127: 1093–8.

Muntz HR , Lusk RP. Bacteriology of the ethmoid bullae in children with chronic sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991; 117: 179–81.

Tinkelman DG , Silk HJ. Clinical and bacteriologic features of chronic sinusitis in children. Am J Dis Child 1989; 143: 938–41.

Slack CL , Dahn KA , Abzug MJ , Chan KH. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in pediatric chronic sinusitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20: 247–50.

Felmingham D , Washington J. Trends in the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory tract pathogens—findings of the Alexander Project 1992-1996. J Chemother 1999; 11(suppl 1): 5–21.

Pfaller MA , Jones RN , Doern GV , Kugler K. Bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with bloodstream infection: frequencies of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (United States and Canada, 1997). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1762–70.

Bach A , Boehrer H , Schmidt H , Geiss HK. Nosocomial sinusitis in ventilated patients. Nasotracheal versus orotracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 335–9.

Mevio E , Benazzo M , Quaglieri S , Mencherini S. Sinus infection in intensive care patients. Rhinology 1996; 34: 232–6.

O'Reilly MJ , Reddick EJ , Black W Sepsis from sinusitis in nasotracheally intubated patients. A diagnostic dilemma. Am J Surg 1984; 147: 601–4.

Arens JF , LeJeune FE Jr. , Webre DR ,. Maxillary sinusitis, a complication of nasotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 1974; 40: 415–6.

Caplan ES , Hoyt NJ. Nosocomial sinusitis. JAMA 1982; 247: 639–41.

Kronberg FG , Goodwin WJ Jr. Sinusitis in intensive care unit patients. Laryngoscope 1985; 95: 936–8.

Miner JD , Elliott CL , Johnson CW , McSoley T , Spahn JG , Spahn T. Nosocomial sinusitis. Indiana Med 1988; 81: 684–6.

Doyle PW , Woodham JD. Evaluation of the microbiology of chronic ethmoid sinusitis. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 2396–400.

Hoyt WH 3rd . Bacterial patterns found in surgery patients with chronic sinusitis. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1992; 92: 209–12.

Hsu J , Lanza DC , Kennedy DW. Antimicrobial resistance in bacterial chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 1998; 12: 243–8.

Biel MA , Brown CA , Levinson RM Evaluation of the microbiology of chronic maxillary sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998; 107: 942–5.

Brook I , Frazier EH. Correlation between microbiology and previous sinus surgery in patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2001; 110: 148–51.

Jiang RS , Lin JF , Hsu CY. Correlation between bacteriology of the middle meatus and ethmoid sinus in chronic sinusitis. J Laryngol Otol 2002; 116: 443–6.

Finegold SM , Flynn MJ , Rose FV Bacteriologic findings associated with chronic bacterial maxillary sinusitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 428–33.

Gordts F , Halewyck S , Pierard D , Kaufman L , Clement PA. Microbiology of the middle meatus: a comparison between normal adults and children. J Laryngol Otol 2000; 114: 184–8.

Nadel DM , Lanza DC , Kennedy DW. Endoscopically guided cultures in chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 1998; 12: 233–41.

Frederick J , Braude A. Anaerobic infections of the paranasal sinuses. N Engl J Med 1974; 290: 135–7.

Carenfelt C , Lundberg C , Nord CE , Wretlind B. Bacteriology of maxillary sinusitis in relation to quality of the retained secretion. Acta Otolaryngol 1978; 86: 298–302.

Brook I. Bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis in adults. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1989; 98: 426–8.

Mustafa E , Tahsin A , Mustafa Ö , Nedret K ,. Bacteriology of antrum in adults with chronic maxillary sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1994; 104: 321–4.

Nord CE. The role of anaerobic bacteria in recurrent episodes of sinusitis and tonsillitis. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 1512–24.

Klossek JM , Dubreuil L , Richet H , Richet B , Beutter P. Bacteriology of chronic purulent secretions in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Laryngol Otol 1998; 112: 1162–6.

Van Cauwenberge PB , Ingels KJ , Bachert C , Wang DY ,. Microbiology of chronic sinusitis. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1997; 51: 239–46.

Wald ER. Chronic sinusitis in children. J Pediatr 1995; 127: 339–47.

Stringer S , Ryan MW. Chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2000; 33: 375–87.

Schell WA. Unusual fungal pathogens in fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2000; 33: 367–73.

Miloshev B , Davidson CM , Gentles JC , Sandison AT. Aspergilloma of paranasal sinuses and orbit in Northern Sudanese. Lancet 1966; 1: 746–7.

Marple BF , Mabry RL. Allergic fungal sinusitis: learning from our failures. Am J Rhinol 2000; 14: 223–6.

Horst M , Hejjaoui A , Horst V , Michel FB , Bousquet J. Double-blind, placebo-controlled rush immunotherapy with a standardized Alternaria extract. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85: 460–72.

Downs S , Mitkakis T , Marks G Clinical importance of Alternaria exposure in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 455–9.

Manning SC , Vuitch F , Weinberg AG , Brown OE. Allergic aspergillosis: a newly recognized form of sinusitis in the pediatric population. Laryngoscope 1989; 99: 681–5.

Marple BF , Gibbs SR , Newcomer MT , Mabry RL. Allergic fungal sinusitis-induced visual loss. Am J Rhinol 1999; 13: 191–5.

Manning SC , Schaefer SD , Close LG , Vuitch F. Culture-positive allergic fungal sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991; 117: 174–8.

Marple B. Allergic fungal sinusitis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol 1999; 7: 383–7.

Manning SC , Holman M. Further evidence for allergic pathophysiology in allergic fungal sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1998; 108: 1485–96.

Mukherji SK , Figueroa RE , Ginsberg LE Allergic fungal sinusitis: CT findings. Radiology 1998; 207: 417–22.

Nussenbaum B , Marple BF , Schwade ND. Characteristics of bony erosion in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 124: 150–4.

Zinreich SJ , Kennedy DW , Malat J Fungal sinusitis: diagnosis with CT and MR imaging. Radiology 1988; 169: 439–44.

Manning SC , Merkel M , Kriesel K , Vuitch F , Marple B. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1997; 107: 170–6.

Mabry RL , Manning S. Radioallergosorbent microscreen and total immunoglobulin E in allergic fungal sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995; 113: 721–3.

Manning SC , Mabry RL , Schaefer SD , Close LG. Evidence of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in allergic fungal sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1993; 103: 717–21.

Chrzanowski RR , Rupp NT , Kuhn FA , Phillips AE , Dolen WK. Allergenic fungi in allergic fungal sinusitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997; 79: 431–5.

Schubert MS , Goetz DW. Evaluation and treatment of allergic fungal sinusitis. I. Demographics and diagnosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 387–94.

Marple BF , Mabry RL. Comprehensive management of allergic fungal sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 1998; 12: 263–8.

Corey JP. Allergic fungal sinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1992; 25: 225–30.

Schnadig VJ , Rassekh CH , Gourley WK. Allergic fungal sinusitis. A report of two cases with diagnosis by intraoperative aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol 1999; 43: 268–72.

Torres C , Ro JY , el-Naggar AK , Sim SJ , Weber RS , Ayala AG ,. Allergic fungal sinusitis: a clinicopathologic study of 16 cases. Hum Pathol 1996; 27: 793–9.

Miller J , Johnston A , Lamb D. Allergic aspergillosis of the maxillary sinuses. Proc Scott Thorac Soc 1981; 36: 710–15.

Lamb D , Miller J , Johnston A. Allergic aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses. J Pathol 1982; 137: 56.

Katzenstein AL , Sale SR , Greenberger PA. Allergic Aspergillus sinusitis: a newly recognized form of sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1983; 72: 89–93.

Taylor MJ , Ponikau JU , Sherris DA Detection of fungal organisms in eosinophilic mucin using a fiuorescein-labeled chitin-specific binding protein. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 127: 377–83.

Loury MC , Leopold DA , Schaefer SD. Allergic Aspergillus sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 119: 1042–3.

Bent JP 3rd , Kuhn FA ,. Diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 111: 580–8.

Ponikau JU , Sherris DA , Kita H , Kern EB. Intranasal antifungal treatment in 51 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110: 862–6.

Kita H. Presented at: 57th AAAAI Annual Meeting; March 2001; New Orleans (LA).

Berrettini S , Carabelli A , Sellari-Franceschini S Perennial allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis: correlation with rhinologic risk factors. Allergy 1999; 54: 242–8.

Holzmann D , Willi U , Nadal D. Allergic rhinitis as a risk factor for orbital complication of acute rhinosinusitis in children. Am J Rhinol 2001; 15: 387–90.

Blair C , Nelson M , Thompson K Allergic inflammation enhances bacterial sinusitis in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108: 424–9.

Kennedy DW , Wright ED , Goldberg AN. Objective and subjective outcomes in surgery for chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 29–31.

Settipane GA , Chafee FH. Nasal polyps in asthma and rhinitis. A review of 6,037 patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1977; 59: 17–21.

Keith PK , Conway M , Evans S Nasal polyps: effects of seasonal allergen exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 93: 567–74.

Drake-Lee AB , McLaughlan P ,. Clinical symptoms, free histamine and IgE in patients with nasal polyposis. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1982; 69: 268–71.

Bernstein JM , Ballow M , Schlievert PM , Rich G , Allen C , Dryja D. A superantigen hypothesis for the pathogenesis of chronic hyperplastic sinusitis with massive nasal polyposis. Am J Rhinol 2003; 17: 321–6.

Bachert C , van Cauwenberge P. Nasal polyposis and sinusitis. In: Adkinson N , Yunginger J , Busse W , Bochner B , Holgate S , Simons E , editors. Allergy: principles and practice. 6th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2003.

Demoly P , Crampette L , Mondain M , Enander I , Jones I , Bousquet J. Myeloperoxidase and interleukin-8 levels in chronic sinusitis. Clin Exp Allergy 1997; 27: 672–5.

Ghaffar O , Durham S , Al-Ghamdi K Expression of IgE heavy chain transcripts in the sinus mucosa of atopic and nonatopic patients with chronic sinusitis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18: 706–11.

Rhyoo C , Sanders SP , Leopold DA , Proud D. Sinus mucosal IL-8 gene expression in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103: 395–400.

Nonoyama T , Harada T , Shinogi J , Yoshimura E , Sakakura Y. Immunohistochemical localization of cytokines and cell adhesion molecules in maxillary sinus mucosa in chronic sinusitis. Auris Nasus Larynx 2000; 27: 51–8.

Bachert C , Wagenmann M , Rudack C The role of cytokines in infectious sinusitis and nasal polyposis. Allergy 1998; 53: 2–13.

Rudack C , Stoll W , Bachert C. Cytokines in nasal polyposis, acute and chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 1998; 12: 383–8.

Bachert C , Wagenmann M , Hauser U , Rudack C. IL-5 synthesis is upregulated in human nasal polyp tissue. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99: 837–42.

Roben PW , Salem AN , Silverman GJ. VH3 family antibodies bind domain D of staphylococcal protein A. J Immunol 1995; 154: 6437–45.

Bachert C , Gevaert P , van Cauwenberge P. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins: a key in airway disease? Allergy 2002; 57: 480–7.

Bachert C , Gevaert P , Howarth P , Holtappels G , van Cauwenberge P , Johansson SG. IgE to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in serum is related to severity of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111: 1131–2.

Baraniuk JN. Neurogenic mechanisms in rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2001; 1: 252–61.

Baraniuk J , Staevska M. Perennial nonallergic rhinitis. In: Lichtenstein L , Busse W , Geha R , editors. Current therapy in allergy immunology and rheumatology. 6th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2003.

Biedlingmaier JF , Trifillis A. Comparison of CT scan and electron microscopic findings on endoscopically harvested middle turbinates. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 118: 165–73.

Barrow C. Toxicology of the nasal passages. Washington (DC): Hemisphere Publishing; 1986.

Baraniuk J , Naranch K , Maibach H , Clauw D. Irritant rhinitis in allergic, nonallergic, control and chronic fatigue syndrome populations. J Chronic Fatigue Syndr 2000; 7: 3–31.

Baraniuk J , Naranch K , Maibach H , Clauw D. Tobacco sensitivity in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Chronic Fatigue Syndr 2000; 7: 33–52.

Baraniuk JN , Ali M , Yuta A , Fang SY , Naranch K. Hypertonic saline nasal provocation stimulates nociceptive nerves, substance P release, and glandular mucous exocytosis in normal humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 655–62.

Gunthorpe MJ , Benham CD , Randall A , Davis JB. The diversity in the vanilloid (TRPV) receptor family of ion channels. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2002; 23: 183–91.

Naranch K , Park YJ , Repka-Ramirez MS , Velarde A , Clauw D , Baraniuk JN ,. A tender sinus does not always mean rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 127: 387–97.

Sanico AM , Koliatsos VE , Stanisz AM , Bienenstock J , Togias A. Neural hyperresponsiveness and nerve growth factor in allergic rhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1999; 118: 154–8.

Stevenson D , Simon R. Sensitivity to aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In: Middleton E , Reed C , Ellis E , Adkinson N , Yunginger J , Busse W , editors. Allergy: principles and practice. 6th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2003.

Bianco S , Petrini G. Aspirin induced tolerance in aspirin-asthma detected by a new challenge test. J Med Sci 1977; 5: 129–36.

Schmitz-Schumann V , Juhl E , Costabel U ,. Analgesic asthma-provocation challenge with acetylsalicylic acid. Atemw Lun-genkrkh Jahrgang 1985; 10: 479–85.

Phillips GD , Foord R , Holgate ST. Inhaled lysine-aspirin as a bronchoprovocation procedure in aspirin-sensitive asthma: its repeatability, absence of a late-phase reaction, and the role of histamine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 84: 232–41.

Melillo G , Padovano A , Cocco G , Masi C. Dosimeter inhalation test with lysine acetylsalicylate for the detection of aspirin-induced asthma. Ann Allergy 1993; 71: 61–5.

Milewski M , Mastalerz L , Nizankowska E , Szczeklik A. Nasal provocation test with lysine-aspirin for diagnosis of aspirin-sensitive asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 101: 581–6.

Patriarca G , Nucera E , DiRienzo V , Schiavino D , Pellegrino S , Fais G. Nasal provocation test with lysine acetylsalicylate in aspirin-sensitive patients. Ann Allergy 1991; 67: 60–2.

Pawlowicz A , Williams WR , Davies BH. Inhalation and nasal challenge in the diagnosis of aspirin-induced asthma. Allergy 1991; 46: 405–9.

Szczeklik A , Serwonska M. Inhibition of idiosyncratic reactions to aspirin in asthmatic patients by clemastine. Thorax 1979; 34: 654–7.

Nizankowska E , Szczeklik A. Glucocorticosteroids attenuate aspirin-precipitated adverse reactions in aspirin-intolerant patients with asthma. Ann Allergy 1989; 63: 159–62.

Pauls JD , Simon RA , Daffern PJ , Stevenson DD. Lack of effect of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton in blocking oral aspirin challenges in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 85: 40–5.

Stevenson DD , Simon RA , Mathison DA , Christiansen SC. Montelukast is only partially effective in inhibiting aspirin responses in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 85: 477–82.

Koufman JA. Laryngopharyngeal reflux is different from classic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ear Nose Throat J 2002; 81: 7–9.

Koufman JA , Belafsky PC , Bach KK , Daniel E , Postma GN. Prevalence of esophagitis in patients with pH-documented laryngopharyngeal reflux. Laryngoscope 2002; 112: 1606–9.

Richter JE. Extraesophageal presentations of gastroesophageal reflux disease: an overview. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95(suppl): S1–3.

Theodoropoulos DS , Ledford DK , Lockey RF Prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms in patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 72–6.

Richter JE. Extraesophageal presentations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Semin Gastrointest Dis 1997; 8: 75–89.

Orlando RC. The pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease: the relationship between epithelial defense, dysmotility, and acid exposure. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92(Suppl 4): 3S–5S.

Richter JE , Bradley LA , DeMeester TR , Wu WC. Normal 24-hr ambulatory esophageal pH values. Influence of study center, pH electrode, age, and gender. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37: 849–56.

Belafsky PC , Postma GN , Amin MR Symptoms and findings of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Ear Nose Throat J 2002; 81(9 Suppl 2): 10–3.

Vaezi MF , Schroeder PL , Richter JE. Reproducibility of proximal probe pH parameters in 24-hour ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 825–9.

Phipps CD , Wood WE , Gibson WS , Cochran WJ. Gastroesophageal reflux contributing to chronic sinus disease in children: a prospective analysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 126: 831–6.

DiBaise JK , Olusola BF , Huerter JV , Quigley EM. Role of GERD in chronic resistant sinusitis: a prospective, open label, pilot trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 843–50.

Spector SL , Bernstein IL , Li JT Parameters for the diagnosis and management of sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102(suppl): S 107–44.

Bachert C , Verhaeghe B. Differential diagnosis of rhinosinusitis. Fam Prac Recert 2002; 24(suppl): S8–13.

Kaliner MA , Osguthorpe JD , Fireman P Sinusitis: bench to bedside. Current findings, future directions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99(suppl): S829–48.

Jones NS. Current concepts in the management of paediatric rhinosinusitis. J Laryngol Otol 1999; 113: 1–9.

Desrosiers M , Frenkiel S , Hamid QA Acute bacterial sinusitis in adults: management in the primary care setting. J Otolaryngol 2002; 31(suppl 2): 2S–14.

Mucha SM , Baroody FM. Sinusitis update. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 3: 33–8.

Dykewicz MS. 7. Rhinitis and sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111(suppl): S520–9.

Malekzadeh S , Hamburger MD , Whelan PJ , Biedlingmaier JF , Baraniuk JN. Density of middle turbinate subepithelial mucous glands in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 127: 190–5.

May M , Levine H , Schaitkin B Results of surgery. In: Levine H , May M , editors. Rhinology and sinusology. New York: Thieme Medical Publishing; 1993. p. 105–25.

Berger G , Kattan A , Bernheim J , Ophir D. Polypoid mucosa with eosinophilia and glandular hyperplasia in chronic sinusitis: a histopathological and immunohistochemical study. Laryngoscope 2002; 112: 738–45.

Kramer MF , Ostertag P , Pfrogner E , Rasp G. Nasal interleukin-5, immunoglobulin E, eosinophilic cationic protein, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and nasal polyposis. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 1056–62.

Eichel BS. A proposal for a staging system for hyperplastic rhinosinusitis based on the presence or absence of intranasal polyposis. Ear Nose Throat J 1999; 78: 262–58.

Fang SY , Jin YT. Application of endoscopic sinus surgery to primary atrophic rhinitis? A clinical trial. Rhinology 1998; 36: 122–7.

Georgitis JW , Matthews BL , Stone B. Chronic sinusitis: characterization of cellular influx and inflammatory mediators in sinus lavage fluid. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1995; 106: 416–21.

Stierna P , Carlsoo B. Histopathological observations in chronic maxillary sinusitis. Acta Otolaryngol 1990; 110: 450–8.

Jankowski R , Bouchoua F , Coffinet L , Vignaud JM. Clinical factors influencing the eosinophil infiltration of nasal polyps. Rhinology 2002; 40: 173–8.

Stoop AE , van der Heijden HA , Biewenga J , van der Baan S. Eosinophils in nasal polyps and nasal mucosa: an immunohistochemical study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 91: 616–22.

Kakoi H , Hiraide F. A histological study of formation and growth of nasal polyps. Acta Otolaryngol 1987; 103: 137–44.

Taylor M. Histochemical studies on nasal polypi. J Laryngol Otol 1963; 77: 326–41.

Mygind N , Dahl R , Bachert C. Nasal polyposis, eosinophil dominated inflammation, and allergy. Thorax 2000; 55(suppl 2): S79–83.

Bachert C , Gevaert P , Holtappels G , Cuvelier C , van Cauwenberge P. Nasal polyposis: from cytokines to growth. Am J Rhinol 2000; 14: 279–90.

Persson C. Mucosal exudation mechanisms. Allergy Clin Immunol News 1991; 5: 142.

Hamilos DL , Leung DY , Wood R Chronic hyperplastic sinusitis: association of tissue eosinophilia with mRNA expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92: 39–48.

Hamilos DL. Nasal polyps as immunoreactive tissue. Allergy Asthma Proc 1996; 17: 293–6.

Bucholtz GA , Salzman SA , Bersalona FB PCR analysis of nasal polyps, chronic sinusitis, and hypertrophied turbinates for DNA encoding bacterial 16S rRNA. Am J Rhinol 2002; 16: 169–73.

Hamilos DL , Leung DY , Muro S GRbeta expression in nasal polyp inflammatory cells and its relationship to the anti-inflammatory effects of intranasal fluticasone. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108: 59–68.

Seki H , Otsuka H , Pawankar R. [Studies on the function of mast cells infiltrating in nasal polyps]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 1992; 95: 1012–21.

Sanchez-Segura A , Brieva JA , Rodriguez C ,. T lymphocytes that infiltrate nasal polyps have a specialized phenotype and produce a mixed TH1/TH2 pattern of cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 953–60.

Hamilos DL , Leung DY , Huston DP , Kamil A , Wood R , Hamid Q. GM-CSF, IL-5 and RANTES immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in chronic hyperplastic sinusitis with nasal polyposis (NP). Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28: 1145–52.

Hamilos DL , Leung DY , Wood R Eosinophil infiltration in nonallergic chronic hyperplastic sinusitis with nasal polyposis (CHS/NP) is associated with endothelial VCAM-1 upregulation and expression of TNF-alpha. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996; 15: 443–50.

Jahnsen FL , Haraldsen G , Aanesen JP , Haye R , Brandtzaeg P. Eosinophil infiltration is related to increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in nasal polyps. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1995; 12: 624–32.

Beck LA , Stellato C , Beall LD Detection of the chemokine RANTES and endothelial adhesion molecules in nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98: 766–80.

Nonaka M , Pawankar R , Saji F , Yagi T. Eotaxin synthesis by nasal polyp fibroblasts. Acta Otolaryngol 1999; 119: 816–20.

Pawankar R. Nasal polyposis: an update: editorial review. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 3: 1–6.

Wang QP , Escudier E , Roudot-Thoraval F , Abd-Al Samad I , Peynegre R , Coste A ,. Myofibroblast accumulation induced by transforming growth factor-beta is involved in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. Laryngoscope 1997; 107: 926–31.

Molet SM , Hamid QA , Hamilos DL. IL-11 and IL-17 expression in nasal polyps: relationship to collagen deposition and suppression by intranasal fluticasone propionate. Laryngoscope 2003; 113: 1803–12.

Coste A , Brugel L , Maitre B Inflammatory cells as well as epithelial cells in nasal polyps express vascular endothelial growth factor. Eur Respir J 2000; 15: 367–72.

Xing Z , Jordana M , Braciak T , Ohtoshi T , Gauldie J. Lipopolysaccharide induces expression of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-8, and interleukin-6 in human nasal, but not lung, fibroblasts: evidence for heterogeneity within the respiratory tract. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993; 9: 255–63.

Elovic A , Wong DT , Weller PF , Matossian K , Galli SJ. Expression of transforming growth factors-alpha and beta 1 messenger RNA and product by eosinophils in nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 93: 864–9.

Chang CH , Chai CY , Ho KY Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and alpha-smooth muscle actin of myofibroblast in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2001; 17: 133–8.

Pawankar R. Mast cells in rhinitis. In: Watanabe T , Timmerman H , Yanai K , editors. Histamine research in the new millennium. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 2001. p. 369–74.

Di Lorenzo G , Drago A , Esposito Pellitteri M Measurement of inflammatory mediators of mast cells and eosinophils in native nasal lavage fluid in nasal polyposis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2001; 125: 164–75.

Kim YK , Uno M , Hamilos DL Immunolocalization of CD34 in nasal polyposis. Effect of topical corticosteroids. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20: 388–97.

Simon HU , Yousefi S , Schranz C , Schapowal A , Bachert C , Blaser K. Direct demonstration of delayed eosinophil apoptosis as a mechanism causing tissue eosinophilia. J Immunol 1997; 158: 3902–8.

Hamilos DL , Thawley SE , Kramper MA , Kamil A , Hamid QA. Effect of intranasal fluticasone on cellular infiltration, endothelial adhesion molecule expression, and proinflammatory cytokine mRNA in nasal polyp disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103: 79–87.

Minshall EM , Cameron L , Lavigne F Eotaxin mRNA and protein expression in chronic sinusitis and allergen-induced nasal responses in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997; 17: 683–90.

Hamilos DL , Leung DY , Wood R Evidence for distinct cytokine expression in allergic versus nonallergic chronic sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 96: 537–44.

Nonaka M , Pawankar R , Saji F , Yagi T. Distinct expression of RANTES and GM-CSF by lipopolysaccharide in human nasal fibroblasts but not in other airway fibroblasts. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1999; 119: 314–21.

Gevaert P , Bachert C , Holtappels G Enhanced soluble interleukin-5 receptor alpha expression in nasal polyposis. Allergy 2003; 58: 371–9.

Miller CH , Pudiak DR , Hatem F , Looney RJ. Accumulation of interferon gamma-producing TH1 helper T cells in nasal polyps. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 111: 51–8.

Wagenmann M , Gärtner-Ackerboom M , Helmig P ,. Increased production of typ-2 and type-1 cytokines in nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105(suppl): S210.

Davidsson A , Danielsen A , Viale G Positive identification in situ of mRNA expression of IL-6, and IL-12, and the chemotactic cytokine RANTES in patients with chronic sinusitis and polypoid disease. Clinical relevance and relation to allergy. Acta Otolaryngol 1996; 116: 604–10.

Adkins TN , Goodgold HM , Hendershott L , Slavin RG. Does inhaled pollen enter the sinus cavities? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998; 81: 181–4.

Braunstahl GJ , Kleinjan A , Overbeek SE , Prins JB , Hoogsteden HC , Fokkens WJ. Segmental bronchial provocation induces nasal inflammation in allergic rhinitis patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 2051–7.

Braunstahl GJ , Overbeek SE , Kleinjan A , Prins JB , Hoogsteden HC , Fokkens WJ. Nasal allergen provocation induces adhesion molecule expression and tissue eosinophilia in upper and lower airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 469–76.

Braunstahl GJ , Overbeek SE , Fokkens WJ Segmental bronchoprovocation in allergic rhinitis patients affects mast cell and basophil numbers in nasal and bronchial mucosa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 858–65.

Baroody F , deTineo M , Haney L , Clark K , Blair C , Naclerio RA. Influx of eosinophils into the maxillary sinus after nasal challenge with allergen [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105(suppl): S70.

Bachert C , van Zele T , Gevaert P , De Schrijver L , Van Cauwenberge P. Superantigens and nasal polyps. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2003; 3: 523–31.

Calenoff E , McMahan JT , Herzon GD , Kern RC , Ghadge GD , Hanson DG. Bacterial allergy in nasal polyposis. A new method for quantifying specific IgE. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 119: 830–6.

Holtzman MJ , Morton JD , Shornick LP Immunity, inflammation, and remodeling in the airway epithelial barrier: epithelial-viral-allergic paradigm. Physiol Rev 2002; 82: 19–46.

Sampath D , Castro M , Look DC , Holtzman MJ. Constitutive activation of an epithelial signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway in asthma. J Clin Invest 1999; 103: 1353–61.

Watelet JB , Bachert C , Claeys C , Van Cauwenberge P. Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-7, MMP-9 and their tissue inhibitor TIMP-1: expression in chronic sinusitis vs nasal polyposis. Allergy 2004; 59: 54–60.

Pawankar R , Watanabe S , Nonaka M Differential expression of MMP-2 and 9 in the allergic nasal mucosa and nasal polyps [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113(2): S332.

Bhattacharyya N , Vyas DK , Fechner FP , Gliklich RE , Metson R. Tissue eosinophilia in chronic sinusitis: quantification techniques. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 127: 1102–5.

Subramanian HN , Schechtman KB , Hamilos DL. A retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes and time to relapse after intensive medical treatment for chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 2002; 16: 303–12.

Ferguson B. Eosinophilic mucin rhinosinusitis: a distinct clinicopathological entity. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 799–813.

Braun H , Stammberger H , Buzina W , Freudenschuss K , Lackner A , Beham A. Incidence and detection of fungi and eosinophilic granulocytes in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngorhinootologie 2003; 82: 330–40.

Ferguson B. Definitions of fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2000; 33: 227–35.

Lund VJ , Kennedy DW. Quantification for staging sinusitis. The Staging and Therapy Group. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1995; 167: 17–21.

Shapiro GG , Rachelefsky GS. Introduction and definition of sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 90: 417–8.

Meitzer EO , Orgel HA , Backhaus JW Intranasal flunisolide spray as an adjunct to oral antibiotic therapy for sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92: 812–23.

Lund V , Gwaltney J , Baquero F Infectious rhinosinusitis in adults: classification, etiology and management. Ear Nose Throat J 1997; 76(suppl): S5–22.

Williams JW Jr. , Simel DL ,. Does this patient have sinusitis? Diagnosing acute sinusitis by history and physical examination. JAMA 1993; 270: 1242–6.

Bhattacharyya N. The economic burden and symptom manifestations of chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol 2003; 17: 27–32.

Levine HL. Patients with headache and visual disturbance: a differentiation between migraine and sinonasal headache. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 126: 234–5.

Spector SL , Nicklas RA , Chapman JA Symptom severity assessment of allergic rhinitis: part 1. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 91: 105–14.

Pemberton E. Technique for measuring the optimum rating scale for opinion measures. Sociol Soc Res 1933; 17: 470–2.

Miller GA. The magical number seven plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychol Rev 1956; 63: 81–97.

Juniper EF , Guyatt GH , Andersson B , Ferrie PJ. Comparison of powder and aerosolized budesonide in perennial rhinitis: validation of rhinitis quality of life questionnaire. Ann Allergy 1993; 70: 225–30.

Roper WL , Winkenwerder W , Hackbarth GM , Krakauer H. Effectiveness in health care. An initiative to evaluate and improve medical practice. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1197–202.

Piccirillo JF. Outcomes research and otolaryngology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 111: 764–9.

Clancy CM , Eisenberg JM. Outcomes research: measuring the end results of health care. Science 1998; 282: 245–6.

Gliklich RE , Metson R. Techniques for outcomes research in chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1995; 105: 387–90.

Feinstein AR. Clinical biostatistics. XLI. Hard science, soft data, and the challenges of choosing clinical variables in research. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977; 22: 485–98.

Cella DF. Quality of life: concepts and definition. J Pain Symptom Manage 1994; 9: 186–92.

Covinsky KE , Wu AW , Landefeld CS Health status versus quality of life in older patients: does the distinction matter? Am J Med 1999; 106: 435–40.

Guyatt GH. Making sense of quality-of-life data. Med Care 2000; 38: 11175–9.

Gill TM , Feinstein AR. A critical appraisal of the quality of quality-of-life measurements. JAMA 1994; 272: 619–26.

Lara-Munoz C , Feinstein AR ,. How should quality of life be measured? J Investig Med 1999; 47: 17–24.

Yueh B , Feinstein AR. Abstruse comparisons: the problems of numerical contrasts of two groups. J Clin Epidemiol 1999; 52: 13–8.

Streiner D , Norman G. Health Measurement Scales. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995.

Ware J , Snow K , Kosinski M , Gandek B. SF-36 Health Survey. Manual and Interpretation Guide. Boston, MA: The Health Institute; 1999.

Lund VJ , Holmstrom M , Scadding GK. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis. An objective assessment. J Laryngol Otol 1991; 105: 832–5.

Piccirillo J , Edwards D , Haiduk A , Yonan C , Thawley S. Psychometric and clinimetric validity of the 31-item rhinosinusitis outcome measure (RSOM-31). Am J Rhinol 1995; 9: 297–306.

Piccirillo JF , Merritt MG Jr. , Richards ML ,. Psychometric and clinimetric validity of the 20-Item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 126: 41–7.

Benninger MS , Senior BA. The development of the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 123: 1175–9.

Ware JE , Brook R , Davies-Avery A Conceptualization and measurement of health for adults in the Health Insurance Study. Volume I: Model of health and methodology. Santa Monica (CA): The RAND Corporation; 1980.

Gliklich RE , Metson R. The health impact of chronic sinusitis in patients seeking otolaryngologic care. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995; 113: 104–9.

Hwang PH , Irwin SB , Griest SE , Caro JE , Nesbit GM. Radiologic correlates of symptom-based diagnostic criteria for chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 128: 489–96.

Gray LP. Deviated nasal septum. Incidence and etiology. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1978; 87: 3–20.

Stankiewicz JA , Chow JM. Nasal endoscopy and the definition and diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 126: 623–7.

Lanza D. Diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2004; 113: 10–4.

Nadel DM , Lanza DC , Kennedy DW. Endoscopically guided sinus cultures in normal subjects. Am J Rhinol 1999; 13: 87–90.

Stammberger H , Wolf G. Headaches and sinus disease: the endoscopic approach. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1988; 134: 3–23.

Gungor A , Baroody FM , Naclerio RM , White SR , Corey JP. Decreased neuropeptide release may play a role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 121: 585–90.

Fang SY , Shen CL , Ohyama M. Presence of neuropeptides in human nasal polyps. Acta Otolaryngol 1994; 114: 324–8.

Vogan JC , Bolger WE , Keyes AS. Endoscopically guided sinonasal cultures: a direct comparison with maxillary sinus aspirate cultures. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 122: 370–3.

Talbot GH , Kennedy DW , Scheld WM , Granito K. Rigid nasal endoscopy versus sinus puncture and aspiration for microbiologic documentation of acute bacterial maxillary sinusitis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1668–75.

Araujo E , Palombini BC , Cantarelli V , Pereira A , Mariante A. Microbiology of middle meatus in chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol 2003; 17: 9–15.

Tantilipikorn P , Fritz M , Tanabodee J , Lanza DC , Kennedy DW. A comparison of endoscopic culture techniques for chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol 2002; 16: 255–60.

American Academy of Pediatrics, Subcommittee on Management of Sinusitis and Committee on Quality Improvement,. Clinical practice guideline: management of sinusitis. Pediatrics 2001; 108: 798–808.

Gordts F , Abu Nasser I , Clement PA , Pierard D , Kaufman L. Bacteriology of the middle meatus in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1999; 48: 163–7.

Klossek JM , Dubreuil L , Richet H , Richet B , Sedallian A , Beutter P. Bacteriology of the adult middle meatus. J Laryngol Otol 1996; 110: 847–9.

Gold SM , Tami TA. Role of middle meatus aspiration culture in the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1997; 107: 1586–9.

Winther B , Vicery C , Gross C , Hendley O. Microbiology of the maxillary sinus in adults with chronic sinus disease. Am J Rhinol 1996; 10: 347–50.

Kountakis SE , Skoulas IG. Middle meatal vs antral lavage cultures in intensive care unit patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 126: 377–81.

Belden CJ , Zinreich SJ. Orbital imaging techniques. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1997; 18: 413–22.

Klose KC , Eues W , Sondermann U. [The accuracy of plain-film radiology in demonstrating the shadows of the pneumatic spaces of the skull—a comparison with computed tomography]. Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr 1991; 155: 199–206.

Melhem ER , Oliverio PJ , Benson ML , Leopold DA , Zinreich SJ. Optimal CT evaluation for functional endoscopic sinus surgery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17: 181–8.

Zinreich S , Kennedy D , Kumar A , Rosenbaum A , Arrington J , Johns M. MR imaging of the normal nasal cycle: comparison with sinus pathology. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 12: 1014–9.

Kennedy DW. Prognostic factors, outcomes and staging in ethmoid sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 1992; 102: 1–18.

Metson R , Gliklich RE , Stankiewicz JA Comparison of sinus computed tomography staging systems. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 117: 372–9.

Lund VJ , Mackay IS. Staging in rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 1993; 31: 183–4.

Lloyd GA , Lund VJ , Scadding GK. CT of the paranasal sinuses and functional endoscopic surgery: a critical analysis of 100 symptomatic patients. J Laryngol Otol 1991; 105: 181–5.

Friedman WH , Katsantonis GP , Bumpous JM. Staging of chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis: treatment strategies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995; 112: 210–4.

Bhattacharyya T , Piccirillo J , Wippold FJ 2nd. Relationship between patient-based descriptions of sinusitis and paranasal sinus computed tomographic findings. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 123: 1189–92.

Levine HL. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery: evaluation, surgery, and follow-up of 250 patients. Laryngoscope 1990; 100: 79–84.

Bhattacharyya N. Test-retest reliability of computed tomography in the assessment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 1999; 109: 1055–8.

Senior BA , Kennedy DW , Tanabodee J , Kroger H , Hassab M , Lanza D. Long-term results of functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 1998; 108: 151–7.

Shields G , Seikaly H , LeBoeuf M Correlation between facial pain or headache and computed tomography in rhinosinusitis in Canadian and U.S. subjects. Laryngoscope 2003; 113: 943–5.

Som PM , Dillon WP , Curtin HD , Fullerton GD , Lidov M. Hypointense paranasal sinus foci: differential diagnosis with MR imaging and relation to CT findings. Radiology 1990; 176: 777–81.

Baroody FM , Gungor A , deTineo M , Haney L , Blair C , Naclerio RM. Comparison of the response to histamine challenge of the nose and the maxillary sinus: effect of loratadine. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87: 1038–47.

Pelikan Z , Pelikan-Filipek M. Role of nasal allergy in chronic maxillary sinusitis—diagnostic value of nasal challenge with allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 86: 484–91.

Baroody F , Saengpanich S , deTineo M , Haney L , Votypka V , Naclerio R. Nasal allergen challenge leads to bilateral maxillary sinus eosinophil influx [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109(suppl): S84.

Baroody F , Mucha S , de Tineo M , Malecker B , Naclerio R. Evidence of maxillary sinus inflammation in seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111(suppl): S124.

Casadevall J , Ventura PJ , Mullol J , Picado C. Intranasal challenge with aspirin in the diagnosis of aspirin intolerant asthma: evaluation of nasal response by acoustic rhinometry. Thorax 2000; 55: 921–4.

Togias A. Rhinitis and asthma: evidence for respiratory system integration. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111: 1171–83.

Djukanovic R , Lai CK , Wilson JW Bronchial mucosal manifestations of atopy: a comparison of markers of inflammation between atopic asthmatics, atopic nonasthmatics and healthy controls. Eur Respir J 1992; 5: 538–44.

Townley RG , Ryo UY , Kolotkin BM , Kang B. Bronchial sensitivity to methacholine in current and former asthmatic and allergic rhinitis patients and control subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1975; 56: 429–42.

Leynaert B , Bousquet J , Neukirch C , Liard R , Neukirch F. Perennial rhinitis: an independent risk factor for asthma in nonatopic subjects: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104: 301–4.

Settipane RJ , Hagy GW , Settipane GA. Long-term risk factors for developing asthma and allergic rhinitis: a 23-year follow-up study of college students. Allergy Proc 1994; 15: 21–5.

Linneberg A , Henrik Nielsen N , Frolund L , Madsen F , Dirksen A , Jorgensen T. The link between allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma: a prospective population-based study. The Copenhagen Allergy Study. Allergy 2002; 57: 1048–52.

Guerra S , Sherrill DL , Martinez FD , Barbee RA. Rhinitis as an independent risk factor for adult-onset asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109: 419–25.

Kapsali T , Horowitz E , Togias A. Rhinitis is ubiquitous in allergic asthmatics [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99(suppl): S138.

Simon RA. The allergy-asthma connection. Allergy Asthma Proc 2002; 23(4): 219–22.

Stephens L , Proud D , Togias A. Nasal cold, dry air (CDA) challenge results in stronger nasal and pulmonary responses in asthmatics compared to patients with rhinitis [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 97: A315.

Gaga M , Lambrou P , Papageorgiou N Eosinophils are a feature of upper and lower airway pathology in non-atopic asthma, irrespective of the presence of rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 663–9.

Huse D , Hartz S , Russell M , Piercey G , Weiss S. Allergic rhinitis may worsen asthma symptoms in children: the international asthma outcomes registry [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: A860.

Huse D , Hartz S , Klaus D , Piercey G , Richner R , Weiss S. Does allergic rhinitis exacerbate asthma symptoms in adults? The asthma outcomes registry[abstract]. Eur Respir J 1996; 9(suppl): 351S.

Huse D , Russell M , Miller J , Weiss S , Hartz S. Asthma treatment costs are increased in children with allergic rhinitis. Eur Respir J 1998; 12(suppl): 50S.

Huse D , Hartz S , Klaus D , Kuriyama N , Piercey G , Weiss S. Do symptoms of allergic rhinitis exacerbate asthma symptoms in adults? The asthma outcomes registry. Eur Respir J 1998; 12(suppl): 50S.

Halpern M , Richner R , Guo C , de Lissovoy G , Togias A. Allergic rhinitis: a potential cause of increased asthma medication use, costs, and morbidity. J Asthma 2004; 41: 117–26.

Chanez P , Vignola AM , Vic P Comparison between nasal and bronchial inflammation in asthmatic and control subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 588–95.

Corren J , Adinoff AD , Irvin CG. Changes in bronchial responsiveness following nasal provocation with allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 89: 611–8.

Tran N , Proud D , Scichilone N , Kosmas E , Togias A. The effect of multiple nasal antigen challenges on the asthmatic airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105(suppl): S282–3.

Noureddine G , Thompson M , Brennan F Nasal antigen challenge in asthmatics: effects of cetirizine.on nasal and pulmonary responses [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 93: 177.

Henriksen JM , Wenzel A. Effect of an intranasally administered corticosteroid (budesonide) on nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130: 1014–8.

Welsh PW , Strieker WE , Chu CP Efficacy of beclomethasone nasal solution, flunisolide, and cromolyn in relieving symptoms of ragweed allergy. Mayo Clin Proc 1987; 62: 125–34.

Corren J , Adinoff AD , Buchmeier AD , Irvin CG. Nasal beclomethasone prevents the seasonal increase in bronchial responsiveness in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 90: 250–6.

Watson WT , Becker AB , Simons FE. Treatment of allergic rhinitis with intranasal corticosteroids in patients with mild asthma: effect on lower airway responsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 91: 97–101.

Wood RA , Eggleston PA. The effects of intranasal steroids on nasal and pulmonary responses to cat exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 315–20.

Foresi A , Pelucchi A , Gherson G , Mastropasqua B , Chiapparino A , Testi R. Once daily intranasal fluticasone propionate (200 micrograms) reduces nasal symptoms and inflammation but also attenuates the increase in bronchial responsiveness during the pollen season in allergic, rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98: 274–82.

Pelucchi A , Chiapparino A , Mastropasqua B , Marazzini L , Hernandez A , Foresi A. Effect of intranasal azelastine and beclomethasone dipropionate on nasal symptoms, nasal cytology, and bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in allergic rhinitis in response to grass pollens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 95: 515–23.

Dahl R , Baker R , Pauwels R. Seasonal rhinitis and asthma. Effects of topical nasal and/or orally inhaled fluticasone proponiate. The SPIRA study (FNM40001)[abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107(suppl): S154.

Crystal-Peters J , Neslusan C , Crown WH , Torres A ,. Treating allergic rhinitis in patients with comorbid asthma: the risk of asthma-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109: 57–62.

Bresciani M , Paradis L , Des Roches A Rhinosinusitis in severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 73–80.

Harlin SL , Ansel DG , Lane SR , Myers J , Kephart GM , Gleich GJ. A clinical and pathologic study of chronic sinusitis: the role of the eosinophil. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988; 81: 867–75.

Jankowski R , Moneret-Vautrin DA , Goetz R , Wayoff M ,. Incidence of medico-surgical treatment for nasal polyps on the development of associated asthma. Rhinology 1992; 30: 249–58.

Jankowski R , Pigret D , Decroocq F. Comparison of functional results after ethmoidectomy and nasalization for diffuse and severe nasal polyposis. Acta Otolaryngol 1997; 117: 601–8.

Rachelefsky GS , Katz RM , Siegel SC. Chronic sinus disease with associated reactive airway disease in children. Pediatrics 1984; 73: 526–9.

Johansson SG , Hourihane JO , Bousquet J A revised nomenclature for allergy. An EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force. Allergy 2001; 56: 813–24.

Garbutt JM , Goldstein M , Gellman E , Shannon W , Littenberg B. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of antimicrobial treatment for children with clinically diagnosed acute sinusitis. Pediatrics 2001; 107: 619–25.

Werning JW , Preston TW , Khuder S. Physician specialty is associated with differences in the evaluation and management of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 128: 123–30.

Wasserfallen JB , Gold K , Schulman KA , Baraniuk JN. Development and validation of a rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma symptom score for use as an outcome measure in clinical trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 100: 16–22.

Rosenfeld RM. Pilot study of outcomes in pediatric rhinosinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995; 121: 729–36.

Bucknall CE. Definitions of severity and outcome measures. Respir Med 1996; 90: 447–52.

Harvey RP , Comer C , Sanders B Model for outcomes assessment of antihistamine use for seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 97: 1233–41.

Fahmy FF , McCombe A , McKiernan DC. Sino nasal assessment questionnaire, a patient focused, rhinosinusitis specific outcome measure. Rhinology 2002; 40: 195–7.

Senior BA , Glaze C , Benninger MS. Use of the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI) in rhinologic disease. Am J Rhinol 2001; 15: 15–20.

Druce HM. Diagnosis of sinusitis in adults: history, physical examination, nasal cytology, echo, and rhinoscope. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 90: 436–41.

Fokkens WJ. Thoughts on the pathophysiology of nonallergic rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2002; 2: 203–9.

Hamilos DL. Chronic sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106: 213–27.

Druce HM , Bonner RF , Patow C , Choo P , Summers RJ , Kaliner MA. Response of nasal blood flow to neurohormones as measured by laser-Doppler velocimetry. J Appl Physiol 1984; 57: 1276–83.

Havas TE , Motbey JA , Gullane PJ. Prevalence of incidental abnormalities on computed tomographic scans of the paranasal sinuses. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988; 114: 856–9.

Mudgil SP , Wise SW , Hopper KD , Kasales CJ , Mauger D , Fornadley JA. Correlation between presumed sinusitis-induced pain and paranasal sinus computed tomographic findings. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002; 88: 223–6.

Sinus and Allergy Health Partnership,. Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 123(suppl): S4–S31.

Hickner JM , Bartlett JG , Besser RE , Gonzales R , Hoffman JR , Sande MA. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute rhinosinusitis in adults: background. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 498–505.

Georgitis JW , Druce HM , Goldstein S Rhinopharyngolaryngoscopy. Upper Airway Allergy Committee. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 91: 961–2.

Lund VJ , Kennedy DW. Staging for rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 117(suppl): S35–40.

Slavin RG , Leipzig JR , Goodgold HM. “Allergic sinusitis” revisited. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 85: 273–6.

Mings R , Friedman W , Linford P Five-year follow-up of the effects of bilateral intranasal sphenoethmoidectomy in patients with sinusitis and asthma. Am J Rhinol 1988; 2: 13–6.

Friedman WH. Surgery for chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 1975; 85: 1999–2011.

Chambers DW , Davis WE , Cook PR , Nishioka GJ , Rudman DT. Long-term outcome analysis of functional endoscopic sinus surgery: correlation of symptoms with endoscopic examination findings and potential prognostic variables. Laryngoscope 1997; 107: 504–10.

Jakobsen J , Svendstrup F. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery in chronic sinusitis—a series of 237 consecutively operated patients. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2000; 543: 158–61.

Blomqvist EH , Lundblad L , Anggard A , Haraldsson PO , Stjarne P. A randomized controlled study evaluating medical treatment versus surgical treatment in addition to medical treatment of nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 224–8.

Benninger M , Ferguson B , Hadley J Adult chronic rhinosinusitis: definitions, diagnosis, epidemiology, and pathophysiology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 129(suppl): S1–S32.

Anon J , Jacobs M , Poole M Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130: 1–45.