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Abstract

No studies have yet examined whether there are prognostic factors for survival for cats undergoing splenectomies. The medical records of 19 cats that had complete splenectomy were reviewed for information on preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors. The most common presenting signs were a palpable abdominal mass in 58% and anorexia in 47% of the cats. Mast cell tumors were the most common reason for splenectomy and were found in 10/19 cats (53%); followed by hemangiosarcoma in 4/19 (21%); and lymphoma in 2/19 (11%). The Kaplan–Meier median survival time (MST) was 197 days, with a range from 2 days to 1959 days. Three cats were noted to have preoperative weight loss, and this was the only factor that had prognostic significance for survival following surgery. For cats with weight loss the MST was 3 days, for cats with no weight loss noted the MST was 293 days (P=0.008).

Complete splenectomy is indicated to treat suspected malignant neoplasia, ischemic obstruction, or generalized splenic enlargement secondary to infiltrative diseases of the spleen. It may also be used as part of the treatment for some immune-mediated diseases.¹ The types, treatments, and prognoses of splenic diseases in cats are not well described. The most common splenic diseases in cats include mast cell tumors (MCTs), lymphoma, and myeloproliferative disease.^2,3

Several papers have examined prognostic indicators for survival time in dogs following splenectomy, and have found that dogs with non-neoplastic and benign splenic diseases survive for a longer period after a splenectomy than dogs with neoplastic splenic disease.^4–6 To date, no studies have looked at survival of cats after a splenectomy with delineation of predictors of survival. The purpose of this study was to identify common reasons and clinical predictors of survival for cats undergoing splenectomy.

Materials and methods

The medical records of 73 cats undergoing splenectomies between July 1999 and 2005 were reviewed. Fifty-four cases were excluded based on missing or incomplete medical records or if partial splenectomy was performed. Nineteen cats that had complete splenectomy between July 1999 and July 2005 met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected through record review, veterinarian contact, or owner contact. Data were grouped into three categories: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors.

Preoperative evaluation

Preoperative factors included age, breed, gender, presenting clinical signs (collapse, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, or weight loss), presenting physical examination findings (palpable abdominal mass, or hemoabdomen), and hematological factors (packed cell volume (PCV), reticulocyte percentage and count, and platelet count). Weight loss was documented through serial weights or owner report. Presence of a hemoabdomen was either found preoperatively through abdominocentesis or intraoperatively. A red blood cell count of less than 32% was considered anemic (reference range 32–45%). Thrombocytopenia was diagnosed if the platelets were less than 150,000/μl (reference range 150,000–700,000/μl) and platelet clumping was not detected.

Intraoperative evaluation

Intraoperative factors included peri-operative antibiotic administration, evidence of abdominal metastases at the time of surgery, additional surgical procedures performed, whether a transfusion was given and total operative time (min). Evidence of metastasis was confirmed by histological examination of other organs (ie, liver, lymph nodes), which were biopsied during the splenectomy procedure.

Postoperative evaluation

Postoperative factors included histopathological findings and survival time. Survival time was defined as the time from surgery to euthanasia or death. When the information was available, the cause of death was described as related to the splenic disease or not. Some of the cats were euthanased at another veterinary facility and no further information as to the cause of death was available. The histopathological sections of the spleen from all 19 cases were reviewed retrospectively by one pathologist (SL) who was blind to the original diagnosis for confirmation of lesion categorization.

Median survival time (MST) in days postoperatively was calculated via Kaplan–Meier life table analysis. Associations of recorded variables with survival were performed by log-rank analysis for categorical variables and by Cox proportional hazards analysis for numerical and categorical variables. If univariate prognostic factors were found (any variable on univariate with a P-value≤0.2), step-wise multivariate analysis by Cox proportional hazards was completed. The different variables were examined for significant relationships using Fisher's exact test and the Mann–Whitney U test. Analyses were performed with standard software (Statview, version 5.0.1, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). For survival analysis, cats were censored if they were still alive at the end of the study or died as a result of another disease. P<0.05 was considered significant for all tests.

Results

Preoperative evaluation

Nineteen cats were included in this study (Table 1). The mean age at the time of splenectomy was 12.2 years (median, 12.0 years; range, 3.0–18.0 years). There were 11 neutered males (58%) and eight spayed females (42%). Sixteen of the cats were domestic shorthair, two were domestic longhair, and one was a Russian Blue. Presenting signs and findings included a palpable abdominal mass in 11/19 (58%); anorexia in 9/19 (47%); lethargy in 6/19 (32%); vomiting in 6/19 (32%); hemoabdomen in 4/19 (21%); weight loss in 3/19 (16%); and collapse in 3/19 (16%). Sixteen of the cats evaluated had multiple presenting signs. There was no significant relationship between signalment, presenting complaint or physical examination findings and postoperative survival except for the presence of weight loss. On multivariate analysis, presence of preoperative weight loss (either documented through serial weights or owner report) was significantly associated with survival time. For cats with weight loss the MST was 3 days, while for cats with no weight loss noted the MST was 293 days (P=0.008) (Fig. 1). Cats with weight loss prior to surgery were nearly six times more likely to die, compared with cats that did not lose weight (odds ratio=5.95, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30–27.0, P=0.02). When the data was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards step-wise multivariate, weight loss was the only significant variable, with cats that had evidence of preoperative weight loss having a 10.75 times greater chance of dying (95% CI=1.38–83.3, P=0.02).

Fig 1

Kaplan–Meier survival curve comparing cats with reported weight loss (red line) to cats without reported weight loss (blue line).

Table 1

Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data on 19 cats that had complete splenectomies performed. Reference ranges are provided in paranthesis were appropriate.

Age at surgery (yr)	Sex*	Breed†	Diagnosis‡	Surgical time (min)	Abdominal metastasis	Transfusions§	Hemoabdomen	Palpable abd mass	Vomiting	Anorexia	Weight loss	Lethargy	Collapse	Thrombocyte count (/μl) (300–700 thousand/μl)	Reticulocyte count (/μl) (0–500,000/mm³)	Preoperative PCV or Hct\ (32–45%)	Outcome	Survival time (days)	Chemotherapy∥
6	SF	Russian Blue	MCT	44	Y	WB, FFP, Ox	Y	N	N	N	N	N	Y	87,000	93,240	21	Alive	1789	No
8	SF	DSH	MCT	112	Y	Ox	N	N	Y	Y	N	Y	N			32	Dead	3	No
12	CM	DLH	MCT	90	Y	None	N	Y	N	Y	N	N	N			19	Alive	854	No
12	CM	DSH	MCT	75	Y	None	N	Y	N	N	N	N	N	114,000	22,050	23	Alive	1959	No
12	SF	DSH	MCT	100	Y	WB	N	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	225,000		36	Dead	2	No
14	CM	DSH	MCT	89	Y	WB	N	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	188,000	83,980	28	Dead	132	CCNU, vinblastine
16	CM	DSH	MCT	93	Y	WB	N	N	N	Y	N	N	N				Dead	4	No
16	CM	DSH	MCT	55	Y	Ox	N	N	N	Y	Y	N	N			20	Dead	2	No
16	SF	DSH	MCT	85	Y	PRBCs, WB	N	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	51,000	137,700	18	Alive	343	No
18	SF	DSH	MCT	185	Y	WB	N	Y	Y	Y	N	N	N		44,200	12	Dead	322	Vinblastine
3	CM	DSH	HAS	55		WB	Y	Y	N	N	N	Y	N	72,000	132,480	18	Dead	197	Adriamycin
8	CM	DSH	HAS	90	N	None	N	N	N	N	N	N	N			40.9	Dead	25	Mitoxantrone intracavitary
11	SF	DSH	HAS	100	N	Ox	Y	N	N	N	N	N	Y	85,000	97,920	12	Died	259	No
11	CM	DLH	HAS	70	N	P, WB	Y	N	N	Y	N	Y	Y	85,000	115,200	12	Alive	1270	No
16	CM	DSH	LSA	96	Y	None	N	Y	N	N	N	Y	N	131,000		28	Dead	415	Madison–Wisconsin
17	CM	DSH	LSA	81	Y	PRBCs	N	Y	N	N	Y	Y	N		37,600	17	Dead	3	No
9	SF	DSH	EMH	44		WB	N	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	N	36	401,850	12	Dead	53	No
13	CM	DSH	Myelolipoma and lymphoid hyperplasia	140		None	N	N	Y	Y	N	N	N		4440	41	Alive	339	No
14	SF	DSH	Perisplenic mass – sarcoma	85		WB	N	Y	N	Y	N	N	N			36.2	Dead	293	No

CM=castrated male, SF=spayed female.

†

DSH=domestic shorthair, DLH=domestic longhair.

‡

LSA=lymphoma, HAS=hemangiosarcoma, EMH=extramedullary hematopoeisis.

Ox=oxytocin; WB=whole blood; P=plasma; PRBCs=packed red blood cells; FFP=fresh frozen plasma; PCV = Packed Cell Volume; Hct=hematocrit.

∥

CCNU = N-(2-chloroethyl)-N’-cyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea (Lomustine).

Eighteen cases had a preoperative PCV or hematocrit reported. The average PCV was 23.7 (median, 20.5; range, 12.0–41.0). Thirteen of the 18 (72%) had anemia. A platelet count was available for 16 of the cases. The average platelet count was 107,400/μl (median, 86,000/μl; range, 36,000–225,000/μl). Eight of the 16 (50%) of the cases had thrombocytopenia. Mann–Whitney analysis showed a significant relationship between increased reticulocyte number and thrombocytopenia (P=0.04); and preoperative anemia with increased surgical time (P=0.05). A significant relationship was demonstrated between hemoabdomen and collapse (P<0.01); between hemoabdomen and regenerative anemia (P=0.02); and between age at surgery and hemoabdomen at the time of surgery (P=0.02, increased age with no hemoabdomen). No significant relationship was found between any preoperative clinicopathological factors with survival following splenectomy.

Intraoperative evaluation

Sixteen patients received peri-operative antibiotics. Twelve patients (63%) had visible abdominal metastasis at the time of surgery. Seventeen patients (89%) underwent additional surgical procedures at the time of splenectomy. Frequently these additional surgical procedures consisted of biopsies of suspect metastatic lesions. Fourteen patients (73%) required a transfusion of a blood product. The average surgical time was 89 min (median, 89 min; range, 44–185 min). Analysis of relevant data revealed a significant relationship between the presence of abdominal metastases and hemoabdomen (P=0.02). For cats receiving a blood transfusion during hospitalization the Kaplan–Meier MST was 132 days versus 1959 days (median not reached) for those that did not receive a transfusion during hospitalization, however, this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.07). There was no significant relationship between any intraoperative variables assessed and survival time following surgery.

Postoperative evaluation

Metastasis was confirmed on histopathology in 12/19 (63%) of the cases. Histopathological examination of the submitted spleens revealed 10 cases with MCT (53%), four with splenic hemangiosarcoma (21%), two with lymphoma (11%), and one each (5%) of myelolipoma with lymphoid hyperplasia, extramedullary hematopoeisis, and perisplenic sarcoma. The median survival of cats with neoplastic disease was 197 days and with non-neoplastic disease it was 339 days (P=0.60). MST for cats with mast cell disease was 132 days and hemangiosarcoma was 197 days. The overall Kaplan–Meier MST was 197 days, with 25.3% of the cats still alive at 1 year. None of the cats alive at 1 year postoperatively died in the following 4 years (Fig. 2).

Fig 2

Overall Kaplan–Meier survival time for all cats undergoing splenctomies.

Discussion

This study included 19 cats that had undergone splenectomies for a variety of diseases. The variety of splenic diseases in cats found in this study corresponds to the splenic diseases found in cats in other studies.^2,3 In the current study, the three most common diseases resulting in splenectomy were MCT (53%), hemangiosarcoma (21%), and lymphoma (11%). In one previous study, lymphoma was the most common (30%, 30/101) followed by MCT and extramedullary hematopoeisis and/or lymphoid hyperplasia (both 27%, 27/101). Only 2% (2/101) of the cases had hemangiosarcoma.³ In another study, MCT (15%, 66/455), lymphoma (9%, 40/455), myeloproliferative disease (6%, 28/455) and hemangiosarcoma (3%, 13/455) comprised 33% of the total splenic disease from a population of cats that had surgical specimens submitted for pathologic evaluation.² In that study, the pathology records were searched for diagnoses that included ‘spleen’ or ‘splenic’. This might have included animals that were euthanased for other reasons but had clinically silent splenic lesions found at necropsy, and thus many of the splenic lesions found could have been incidental findings during necropsies. This increased number of incidental splenic lesions would then decrease the prevalence of surgically relevant splenic lesions. It is difficult to make accurate comparisons between the current study and past studies as the past studies have included greater case numbers than the present study. In addition, not all the cats in the previous studies had undergone splenectomies as some of the splenic diseases would have been managed medically. However, according to the previous studies and the current study, systemic mastocytosis with splenic involvement appears to be the most common cause of splenomegaly and splenic disease in domestic cats.^7–10

Previously reported MSTs of cats that have had splenectomies for MCT is 360–570 days, with a range of 60–1140 days. Death is usually due to euthanasia after return of clinical signs.^7,8,10–12 The current study found the MST in cats with mast cell disease to be 132 days. Splenectomy is the recommended treatment even though metastasis is usually present at the time of diagnosis. Anorexia, significant weight loss and male gender have been shown to be negative prognostic indicators for cats with splenic MCT.¹³

Splenectomy is also the primary method of treatment of splenic hemangiosarcoma in cats.¹⁴ A study of the prognosis for dogs with stage I or II splenic hemangiosarcoma treated by splenectomy alone found no prognostic factors for survival following splenectomy. In a recent study of hemangiosarcoma in cats, it was shown that cats with visceral hemangiosarcoma had a significantly shorter MST when compared to cats with cutaneous or subcutaneous hemangiosarcoma.¹⁵ For cats with visceral hemangiosarcoma, the MST was 77 days (range, 23–296 days).¹⁶ The MST of cats undergoing splenectomy for hemangiosarcoma has been reported to be 140 days, ranging from 42 to 245 days and in the current study it was 197 days.¹⁷

There are no previous reports of splenectomies performed in cats with splenic lymphoma. Splenectomy has been reported as a treatment for splenomegaly in various types of lymphoma in humans, dogs, and ferrets.^18–21 Splenectomy has been shown to be of benefit when treating splenic lymphomas in humans.^18,22 In a study of 16 dogs with lymphoma that were treated with splenectomy, five died within 42 days due to disseminated intravascular coagulation and sepsis while the remaining 11 dogs underwent chemotherapy. In the seven dogs that were evaluated until death the mean survival time was 402 days.²⁰ In another study of dogs receiving splenectomies due to splenic lymphoma, 75% (15/20) dogs were dead at 1 year with a mean survival of 84 days with 90% mortality 6 months postoperatively for dogs with a diffusely enlarged spleen. Dogs with nodular splenic lymphoma survived a mean of 252 days with 28.6% mortality in 6 months.⁵ For the two cats in the present study, one had a 3 days survival time and the other had a 415 days survival time postoperatively. Further research needs to be undertaken to investigate whether performing a splenectomy is beneficial in treating cats with splenic lymphoma.

Previous studies of prognostic factors for survival time in dogs undergoing splenectomy have shown that the only prognostic indicator was whether the splenic lesion was neoplastic or not. In one study, the 2-month postoperative survival of dogs with splenic hematomas associated with non-neoplastic conditions was 83% whereas it was only 31% for dogs with hemangiosarcoma, with or without associated hematomas. Twelve month survival times were 64% and 7%, respectively.⁵ Another study found that the mean survival time for patients with neoplastic splenic disease was 94 days and for non-neoplastic splenic disease it was 212 days.²³

Dogs with anemia, increased nucleated red blood cells in circulation, abnormal red blood cell morphology, or splenic rupture have been found to have a significantly greater chance of having splenic neoplasia.⁴ However, that particular study did not identify whether these clinical findings had any prognostic significance. Median survival after splenectomy for all stages of splenic hemangiosarcoma was 56 days and for all other splenic malignancies was 91 days. In 24 dogs with non-neoplastic diseases the MST was greater than 252 days with 12 dogs still alive at the time of data collection.⁴

The only factor identified as a prognostic indicator in the current study was weight loss. Weight loss was only noted in three cases in this study; this weight loss was sometimes only reported by the referring veterinarian. In addition, two of the cats with weight loss were geriatric so there is a possibility that there were concurrent, undiagnosed diseases causing the weight loss. However, numerous studies in human medicine have shown that weight loss and a poor body condition score can negatively affect the outcome of various types of diseases including chronic heart failure,^24,25 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,²⁶ chronic kidney disease,²⁷ and numerous cancers.²⁸ A recent veterinary study demonstrated that feline cancer patients with a body condition score of <5 on a scale of nine had a MST of 3.3 months in contrast to cats that had a body condition score of ≥5 and a MST of 16.7 months.²⁹ No veterinary studies could be found that examined the relationship between weight loss and prognosis in other disease processes, although nutritional status of patients is recognized as an important prognostic factor.³⁰

Weight loss has been shown to be a prognostic indicator in human cancer patients.^31–34 There are numerous factors that contribute to weight loss in cancer patients including decreased energy intake, increased energy expenditure, and changes in nutrient metabolism. Much of the weight loss appears to be due to mediators produced by the tumor or by the body in response to the tumor, but local obstruction and maldigestion and malabsorbtion due to obstruction of biliary and pancreatic ducts and their secretions also play a role.^35,36

This study has a number of limitations. One limitation is its retrospective nature and lack of control over the data that had been recorded. Another major limitation was that there were only 19 cases included in this study. The relationship between hemabdomen and metastases and hemoabdomen and age could be type I errors due to the low case numbers. Due to the limited number of cases in this study and the resulting low power this should be viewed as a factor warranting further investigation before changes in clinical decision making can be made.

Conclusion

While feline splenic disease is much rarer than its canine counterpart, it is still an important entity in veterinary medicine. Little is known about the various types, treatments, and prognoses of feline splenic diseases. The most common type of feline splenic disease resulting in splenectomy is MCT. The only prognostic factor for survival time following a splenectomy in cats that was identified in this study was presence of preoperative weight loss.

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Outcome following splenectomy in cats

Abstract

Materials and methods

Preoperative evaluation

Intraoperative evaluation

Postoperative evaluation

Results

Preoperative evaluation

Intraoperative evaluation

Postoperative evaluation

Discussion

Conclusion

References