Pediatric Rhinosinusitis

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Wald ER. Sinusitis in children. N Engl J Med 1992;326:319–23. (grade B).

Wald ER. Sinusitis in infants and children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1992;155:37–41. (grade B).

Muntz HR Lusk RP. Signs and symptoms of chronic sinusitis. In: Lusk RP , editor Pediatric sinusitis. New York: Raven Press; 1992. p. 1–5. (grade B).

Parsons DS Wald ER. Otitis media and sinusitis: similar diseases. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1996;29:11–25. (grade B).

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Fireman P. Diagnosis of sinusitis in children: emphasis on the history and physical examination. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;90:433–6. (grade B).

Wald ER Reilly JS Casselbrant M , et al. Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis in childhood: a comparative study of amoxicillin and cefaclor. J Pediatr 1984;104:297–302. (grade A).

Arruda LK Mimica IM Sole D , et al. Abnormal maxillary sinus radiographs in children: do they represent bacterial infection? Pediatrics 1990;85:553–8. (grade C).

Lusk RP Muntz HR. Endoscopic sinus surgery in children with chronic sinusitis: a pilot study. Laryngoscope 1990;100:654–8. (grade B).

Orobello PW Jr Park RI Belcher LJ , et al. Microbiology of chronic sinusitis in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991;117:980–3. (grade A).

Muntz HR Lusk RP. Bacteriology of the ethmoid bullae in children with chronic sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol 1991;117:179–81. (grade A).

Gittelman PD Jacobs JB Lebowitz AS , et al. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in patients with rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 1991;101:733–7. (grade B).

Wald ER Milmoe GJ Bowen A , et al. Acute maxillary sinusitis in children. N Engl J Med 1981;304:749–54. (grade A).

Wald ER Chiponis D Ledesma-Medina J. Comparative effectiveness of amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium in acute paranasal sinus infections in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics 1986;77:795–800. (grade A).

Shapiro GG Furukawa CT Pierson WE , et al. Blinded comparison of maxillary sinus radiography and ultrasound for diagnosis of sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986;77:59–64. (grade A).

Reilly JS Hotaling AJ Chiponis D , et al. Use of ultrasound in detection of sinus disease in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1989;17:225–30. (grade B).

Druce HM. Emerging techniques in the diagnosis of sinusitis. Ann Allergy 1991;66:132–6. (grade B).

Hussein A Koch I Nordwall H. Comparison of sonographic and roentgenologic findings in the paranasal sinuses in children [German]. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 1988;136:686–9. (grade B).

McAlister WH Lusk RP Muntz HR. Comparison of plain radiographs and coronal CT scans in infants and children with recurrent sinusitis. Am J Roentgenol 1989;153:1259–64. (grade A).

Lusk RP McAlister WH Fouley A. Anatomic variations in pediatric chronic sinusitis [Abstract]. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1996;29:75–6. (grade A).

Manning SC. Pediatric sinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993;26:623–38. (grade B).

van der Veken PJ Clement PA Buisseret T , et al. CT- scan study of the incidence of sinus involvement and nasal anatomic variations in 196 children. Rhinology 1990;28:177–84. (grade B).

Sonkens JW Harnsberger HR Blanch GM , et al. The impact of screening sinus CT on the planning of functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991;105:802–13. (grade B).

Saxton VJ Boldt DW Shield LK. Sinusitis and intracranial sepsis: the CT imaging and clinical presentation. Pediatr Radiol 1995;25(Suppl 1):S212–S217. (grade B).

Calhoun KH Waggenspack GA Simpson CB , et al. CT evaluation of the paranasal sinuses in symptomatic and asymptomatic populations. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991;104:480–3. (grade C).

Lazar RH Younis RT Parvey LS. Comparison of plain radiographs, coronal CT, and intraoperative findings in children with chronic sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992;107:29–34. (grade B).

Zinreich SJ Kennedy DW Rosenbaum AE , et al. Paranasal sinuses: CT imaging requirements for endoscopic surgery. Radiology 1987;163:769–75. (grade C).

Shapiro GG. Role of allergy in sinusitis. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985;4:S55–S59. (grade B).

Rachelefsky GS Katz RM Siegel SC. Chronic sinusitis in the allergic child. Pediatr Clin North Am 1988;35:1091–101. (grade A).

Asakura K Kojima T Shirasaki H , et al. Evaluation of the effects of antigen specific immunotherapy on chronic sinusitis in children with allergy. Auris Nasus Larynx 1990;17:33–8. (grade B).

Richards W Roth RM Church JA. Underdiagnosis and under-treatment of chronic sinusitis in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1991;30:88–92. (grade B).

Evans R. Environmental control and immunotherapy for allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;90:462–8. (grade C).

Furukawa CT. The role of allergy in sinusitis in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;90:515–7. (grade C).

Petty RE Cassidy JT Sullivan DB. Reversal of selective IgA deficiency in a child with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis after plasma transfusions. Pediatrics 1973;51:44–8. (grade B).

Lusk RP Polmar SH Muntz HR. Endoscopic ethmoidectomy and maxillary antrostomy in immunodeficient patients. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991;117:60–3. (grade B).

Shapiro GG Virant FS Furukawa CT , et al. Immunologic defects in patients with refractory sinusitis. Pediatrics 1991;87:311–6. (grade B).

Kurono Y Fujiyoshi T Mogi G. Secretory IgA and bacterial adherence to nasal mucosal cells. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1989;98:273–7. (grade A).

Hui Y Gaffney R Crysdale WS. Sinusitis in patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1995;252:191–6. (grade B).

Ramsey B Richardson MA. Impact of sinusitis in cystic fibrosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;90:547–52. (grade B).

Drake-Lee AB Morgan DW. Nasal polyps and sinusitis in children with cystic fibrosis. J Laryngol Otol 1989;103:753–5. (grade B).

Cepero R Smith RJ Catlin FI , et al. Cystic fibrosis—an otolaryngologic perspective. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987;97:356–60. (grade B).

Fontolliet C Terrier G. Abnormalities of cilia and chronic sinusitis. Rhinology 1987;25:57–62. (grade B).

Karja J Nuutinen J. Immotile cilia syndrome in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1983;5:275–9. (grade B).

Scheeren RA Keehnen RM Meijer CJ , et al. Defects in cellular immunity in chronic upper airway infections are associated with immunosuppressive retroviral p15E-like proteins. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 119: 439–43 (grade A).

McCaig LF Hughes JM. Trends in antimicrobial drug prescribing among office-based physicians in the United States. JAMA 1995;273:214–9. (grade C).

Otten FW Grote JJ. Treatment of chronic maxillary sinusitis in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1988;15:269–78. (grade C).

Bluestone CD. Medical and surgical therapy of sinusitis. Pediatr Infects Dis 1984;3:S13–S18. (grade C).

Arjmand EM Lusk RP. Management of recurrent and chronic sinusitis in children. Am J Otolaryngol 1995;16:367–82. (grade B).

Finch RG. Epidemiological features and chemotherapy of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990;26(Suppl E):53–61. (grade B).

Wald ER. Sinusitis. Pediatr Rev 1993;14:345–51. (grade B).

Wald ER. Antimicrobial therapy of pediatric patients with sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;90:469–73. (grade B).

Lusk RP. Endoscopic approach to sinus disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;90:496–505. (grade B).

Poole MD. Pediatric endoscopic sinus surgery: the conservative view. Ear Nose Throat J 1994;73:221–7. (grade C).

Lusk RP. Chronic sinusitis: surgical management. In: Bluestone CD , editor Pediatric otolaryngology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1996. p. 859–65. (grade B).

Takahashi H Fujita A Honjo I. Effect of adenoidectomy on otitis media with effusion, tubal function, and sinusitis. Am J Otolaryngol 1989;10:208–13. (grade A).

Lusk RP. Surgical modalities other than ethmoidectomy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;90:538–42. (grade B).

Fujita A Takahashi H Honjo I. Etiological role of adenoids upon otitis media with effusion. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 1988;454:210–3. (grade B).

Paul D. Sinus infection and adenotonsillitis in pediatric patients. Laryngoscope 1981;91:997–1000. (grade B).

Merck W. Relationship between adenoidal enlargement and maxillary sinusitis. HNO 1974;6:198–9. (grade B).

Kay NJ Setia RN Stone J. Relevance of conventional radiography in indicating maxillary antral lavage. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1984;93:37–8. (grade B).

Decreton SJ Clement PA. Comparative study of standard x-ray of the maxillary sinus and sinuscopy in children. Rhinology 1981;19:155–9. (grade B).

Pfleiderer AG Drake-Lee AB Lowe D. Ultrasound of the sinuses: a worthwhile procedure? A comparison of ultrasound and radiography in predicting the findings of proof puncture on the maxillary sinuses. Clin Otolaryngol 1984;9:335–9. (grade B).

Bertrand B Eloy P. Temporary nasosinusal drainage and lavage in chronic maxillary sinusitis. Statistical study on 847 maxillary sinuses. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1993; 102: 858–62. (grade B).

Maes JJ Clement PA. The usefulness of irrigation of the maxillary sinus in children with maxillary sinusitis on the basis of the Water's x-ray. Rhinology 1987;25:259–64. (grade B).

Hempstead BE. End results of internasal operation for maxillary sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol 1939;30:711–5. (grade B).

Hilding AC. Experimental sinus surgery: effects of operative windows on normal sinuses. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1941;50:379–92. (grade C).

Kennedy DW Zinreich SJ Rosenbaum AE , et al. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Theory and diagnostic evaluation. Arch Otolaryngol 1985; 111: 576–82. (grade B).

Kennedy DW Zinreich SJ Shaalan H , et al. Endoscopic middle meatal antrostomy: theory, technique, and patency. Laryngoscope 1987;97:1–9. (grade B).

Proetz AW. Essays on the applied physiology of the nose. St Louis: Annals Publishing Co.; 1941. p. 356.(grade C).

Wilkerson WW. Antral window in the middle meatus. Arch Ophthalmol 1949;49:463–89. (grade B).

Muntz HR Lusk RP. Nasal antral windows in children: a retrospective study. Laryngoscope 1990;100:643–6. (grade B).

Lund VJ. Fundamental considerations of the design and function of intranasal antrostomies. Rhinology 1985;23:231–6. (grade B).

Lund VJ. Inferior meatal antrostomy. Fundamental considerations of design and function. J Laryngol Otol Suppl 1988: 15: 1–18. (grade A).

Kennedy DW. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Technique. Arch Otolaryngol 1985; 111: 643–9. (grade B).

Stammberger H. Endoscopic surgery for mycotic and chronic recurring sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1985;119:1–11. (grade B).

Stammberger H. Nasal and paranasal sinus endoscopy. A diagnostic and surgical approach to recurrent sinusitis. Endoscopy 1986; 18: 213–8. (grade B).

Stammberger H. Endoscopic endonasal surgery: concepts in treatment of recurring rhinosinusitis. Part I. Anatomic and pathophysiologic considerations. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986; 94: 143–7. (grade B).

Lusk RP. Surgical management of chronic sinusitis. In: Lusk RP , editor Pediatric sinusitis. New York: Raven Press; 1992. p. 77–126. (grade B).

Settlif RC. Minimally invasive sinus surgery: the rationale and the technique. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1996;29:115–29. (grade B).

Parsons DS. Chronic sinusitis: a medical or surgical disease? Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1996;29:1–9. (grade B).

Stankiewicz JA. Pediatric endoscopic nasal and sinus surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;113:204–10. (grade B).

Lazar RH Younis RT Gross CW. Pediatric functional endonasal sinus surgery: review of 210 cases. Head Neck 1992;14:92–8. (grade B).

Manning SC Wasserman RL Silver R , et al. Results of endoscopic sinus surgery in pediatric patients with chronic sinusitis and asthma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 120:1142–5. (grade A).