Laboratory Diagnosis

Clement PAR. Committee report on standardization of rhinomanometry. Rhinology 1984;22:151–5. (grade A).

McCaffrey TV. Rhinomanometry and vasoactive drugs affecting nasal patency. In: Getchell TV Doty FL Bartoshuk LM , et al., editors. Smell and taste in health and disease. New York: Raven Press, 1991: chap 31. (grade C).

Lai VW Corey JP. The objective assessment of nasal patency. Ear Nose Throat J 1993;72:395–400. (grade C).

Hilberg O Jackson AC Swift DL , et al. Acoustic rhinometry: evaluation of nasal cavity geometry by acoustic reflection. J Appl Physiol 1989;66:295–303. (grade A).

Fisher EW Boreham AB. Improving the reproducibility of acoustic rhinometry: a customized stand giving control of height and angle. J Laryngol Otol 1995;109:536–7. (grade C).

Tomkinson A Eccles R. Errors arising in cross-sectional area estimation by acoustic rhinometry produced by breathing during measurement. Rhinology 1995;3:238–240. (grade B).

Roithman R Cole P Chapnik J , et al. Acoustic rhinometry in the evaluation of nasal obstruction. Laryngoscope 1995;105:275–81. (grade B).

Grymer LF Hilberg O Elbrond O , et al. Acoustic rhinometry: evaluation of the nasal cavity with septal deviations, before and after septoplasty. Laryngoscope 1989;99:1180–7. (grade B).

Tomkinson A Eccles R. The identification of the potential limitations of acoustic rhinometry using computer-generated, three-dimensional reconstructions of simple models. Am J Rhinol 1996;10:77–82. (grade A).

Kesavanathan J Swift DL Fitzgerald TK , et al. Evaluation of acoustic rhinometry and posterior rhinomanometry as tools for inhalation challenge studies. J Toxicol Environ Health 1996; 28: 48:295–307. (grade C).

Huygen PLM Klaassen AMB DeLeeuw TJJ , et al. Rhinomanometric detection rate of rhinoscopically assessed septal deviations. Rhinology 1992;30:177–81. (grade B).

Sipila JI Suonpaa JT Laippala PT. Sensation of nasal obstruction compared to rhinomanometry in patients referred for septoplasty and in patients with chronic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol 1994;8:113–6. (grade B).

Roithmann R Cole P Chapnik J , et al. Acoustic rhinometry, rhinomanometry, and the sensation of nasal patency: a correlative study. J Otolaryngol 1994;23:454–8. (grade B).

Watson WTA Roberts JR Beker AB , et al. Nasal patency in children with allergic rhinitis: correlation of objective and subjective assessments. Ann Allergy 1995;74:237–40. (grade B).

Lender H Pentz S Brunner M , et al. Follow-up of patients with inverted papilloma of the nasal cavities: computer tomography, video-endoscopy, acoustic rhinometry. Rhinology 1994;32:167–72. (grade B).

Denny F. Effect of a toxin produced by Haemophilus influenzae on ciliated respiratory epithelium. J Infect Dis 1974;129:93–100. (grade C).

Ferguson JL McCaffrey TV Kern EB , et al. The effects of sinus bacteria on human ciliated nasal epithelium in vitro. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988;98:299–304. (grade C).

Mylotte JM Stack RR Murphy TF , et al. Functional and ultra-structural effects of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae in a hamster trachea organ culture system. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1985;21:575–82. (grade C).

Wilson R Roberts D Cole P. Effect of bacterial products on human ciliary function in vitro. Thorax 1985;40:125–31. (grade C).

Hingley ST Hastie AT Kueppers F , et al. Effect of cilia factors from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on rabbit respiratory cilia. Infect Immun 1986;51:254–62. (grade B).

Sykes DA Wilson R Greenstone M , et al. Deleterious effects of purulent sputum sol on human ciliary function in vitro: at least two factors identified. Thorax 1987;42:256–61. (grade B).

Waguespack R. Mucociliary clearance patterns following endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 1995;105:1–40. (grade B).

Grossan M. Mucociliary flow in otolaryngology practice. Insights Otolaryngol 1993;8:1–7. (grade C).

Passali D Bellussi L Bianchini Ciampoli M , et al. Experiences in the determination of nasal mucociliary transport time. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1984;597:319–23. (grade B).

Englender M Chamovitz D Harell M. Nasal transit time in normal subjects and pathologic conditions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990;103:909–12. (grade A).

Puchell E Aug F Fpham QT , et al. Comparison of three methods for measuring nasal mucociliary in man. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1981;191:297–303. (grade A).

Rayner CFJ Rutman A Dewar A , et al. Ciliary disorientation alone as a cause of primary ciliary dyskinesia syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1123–9. (grade C).

Rayner CFJ Rutman A Cole PJ , et al. Ciliary disorientation in patients with chronic upper respiratory tract infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:800–4. (grade C).

Carson JL Collier AN Chinn-Chin S , et al. Acquired ciliary defects in nasal epithelium of children with acute viral upper respiratory tract infection. N Engl J Med 1985;312:463–8. (grade C).

Doty RL Shaman P Dann MS. Development of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function. Physiol Behav 1984;32:489–502. (grade A).

Amoore JE. Specific anosmias. In: Getchell TV Doty FL Bartoshuk LM , et al., editors. Smell and taste in health and disease. New York: Raven Press, 1991: chap 41. (grade C).

Snow JB Doty RL Bartoshuk LM. Clinical evaluation of olfactory and gustatory disorders. In: Getchell TV Doty FL Bartoshuk LM , et al., editors. Smell and taste in health and disease. New York: Raven Press, 1991: chap 27. (grade C).

Lanza DC Moran DT Doty RL , et al. Endoscopic human olfactory biopsy technique: a preliminary report. Laryngoscope 1993;103:815–20. (grade C).

Lanza DC. The effect of human olfactory biopsy on olfaction: a preliminary report. Laryngoscope 1994;104:837–40. (grade B).

Schiffman SS. Taste and smell in disease. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 1275–9, 1337–43. (grade C).

Doty RL Bartoshuk LM Snow JB. Causes of olfactory and gustatory disorders. In: Getchell TV Doty FL Bartoshuk LM , et al., editors. Smell and taste in health and disease. New York: Raven Press, 1991: chap 26. (grade C).

Friedman WH. Surgery for chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 1975;85:1999–2011. (grade C).

Schaitkin B May M Shapiro A , et al. Endoscopic sinus surgery: 4-year follow-up on the first 100 patients. Laryngoscope 1993;103:1117–20. (grade C).

Hoffman SR Mahoney MC Chmiel JF , et al. Symptom relief after endoscopic sinus surgery: an outcomes-based study. Ear Nose Throat J 1993;72:413–20. (grade B).

Benninger M. Rhinitis, sinusitis, and their relationships to allergies. Am J Rhinol 1992;6:37–43. (grade B).

Kennedy DW. Prognostic factors, outcomes and staging endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 1992;102(Suppl 57):1–18. (grade B).

Parsons DS Phillips SE. Functional endoscopic surgery in children: a retrospective analysis of results. Laryngoscope 1993;103:899–903. (grade B).

Lazar RH Younis RT Long TE. Functional endonasal sinus surgery in adults and children. Laryngoscope 1993;103:1–5. (grade C).

Fornadley JA Corey JP Osguthorpe JD , et al. Allergic rhinitis: clinical practice guideline. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;115:115–22. (grade A).

American Academy of Allergy and Immunology Skin testing and radioallergosorbent testing (RAST) for diagnosis of specific allergens responsible for IgE-mediated diseased. Position statement 10. Milwaukee: American Academy of Allergy and Immunology, 1983. (grade A).

King WK. Efficacy of a screening radioallergosorbent test. Arch Otolaryngol 1982;108:781–6. (grade B).

Lehr A Mabry RL Mabry C. The screening RAST: is it a valid test? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;117:54–5. (grade C).

Manning SC Mabry RL Schaefer SD , et al. Evidence of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in allergic fungal sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1992;103:717–21. (grade B).

Mabry RL Manning SC. Radioallergosorbent microscreen and total immunoglobulin E in allergic fungal sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;113:721–3. (grade C).

Corey JP Delsupehe KG Ferguson BJ. Allergic fungal sinusitis: allergic, infectious, or both? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;113:110–9. (grade C).

Bent JP III Kuhn FA. Diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994;111:580–5. (grade C).

Morpeth JF Rupp NT Dolen WK , et al. Fungal sinusitis: an update. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1996;76:128–40. (grade C).

Hansel FK. The cytology of the secretions in allergy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. In: Hansel FK , editor Allergy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. St Louis: Mosby, 1936: 376–83. (grade B).

Bryan MD Bryan WTK. Cytologic diagnosis in allergic disorders. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1974;7:637–66. (grade B).

Bickmore JT Marshall ML. Cytology of nasal secretions: further diagnostic help. Laryngoscope 1976;86:516–23. (grade C).

Meltzer EO Orgel HA Jalowayski AA. Histamine levels and nasal cytology in children with chronic otitis media and rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1995;74:406–10. (grade B).

Jong CN Olson NY Nadel GL , et al. Use of nasal cytology in the diagnosis of occult chronic sinusitis in asthmatic children. Ann Allergy 1994;73:509–14. (grade B).

Holopainen E. Nasal cytology as a nasal test. Rhinology 1976;14:29–356. (grade C).

Mygind N Dirksen A Johnsen NJ , et al. Perennial rhinitis: an analysis of skin testing, serum IgE, and blood and smear eosinophilia in 201 patients. Clin Otolaryngol 1978;3:189–96. (grade A).

Bhandari CM Baldwa VS. Relative value of peripheral blood, secretion and tissue eosinophilia in the diagnosis of different patterns of allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy 1976: 37: 280–4. (grade B).

Meltzer EO Orgel HA Bush RK , et al. Evaluation of symptom relief, nasal airflow, nasal cytology, and acceptability of two formulations of flunisolide nasal spray in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy 1990;64:536–40. (grade B).

Savolainen S Ylikoski J Jousimies-Somer H. Differential diagnosis of purulent and non-purulent acute maxillary sinusitis in young adults. Rhinology 1989;27:53–61. (grade B).

Shapiro GG Virant FS. Chronic sinus disease: medical management in children. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1994; 14:47–68. (grade C).

Mullarkey MF Hill JS Well DR . Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: their characterization with attention to the meaning of nasal eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1980;63:122–6. (grade B).

Winter B Gwaltney JM Jr. Therapeutic approach to sinusitis: antiinfectious therapy as the baseline of management. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990;103:876–8. (grade C).

Bert F Lambert-Zechovsky N. Microbiology of nosocomial sinusitis in intensive care unit patients. J Infect 1995;31:5–8. (grade B).

Gwaltney JM Jr Sydnor A Jr Sands MA. Etiology and antimicrobial treatment of acute sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1981;90(Suppl):68–71. (grade C).

Benjamin B. Sinusitis in children—general consideration. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1983;5:281–4. (grade C).

Goldenhersh MJ Rachelefsky GS Dudley J , et al. The microbiology of chronic sinus disease in children with respiratory allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990;85:1030–9. (grade B).

Mabry RL. Allergic and infective rhinosinusitis: differential diagnosis and interrelationship. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994;111:335–9. (grade C).

Klossek JM Dubreuil L Richet H , et al. Bacteriology of the adult middle meatus. J Laryngol Otol 1996;110:847–9. (grade B).

Polmar SH. Approach to the child with immune deficiency. Curr Views Allergy Immunol 1994;22:1–11.

Polmar SH Kemp ME. Immunodeficiency diseases. In: Korenblot PE Wedner HJ , editors. Allergy: theory and practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1992: 103–28.

Sethi DS Winkelstein JA Lederman H , et al. Immunologic defects inpatients with chronic recurrent sinusitis: diagnosis and management. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;112:242–7. (grade B).

Scadding GK Lund VJ Darby YC , et al. IgG subclass levels in chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 1994;32:15–9. (grade B).

Ambrosino DM Siber GR Chilmonczyk BA , et al. An immunodeficiency characterized by impaired antibody responses to polysaccharides. N Engl J Med 1987;316:790–3. (grade C).

Wasserman RL. Immunodeficiencies. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994: 2: 99–103. (grade C).

Sethi CS Leopold DA. Diagnosis and management of chronic recurrent sinusitis and immunoglobulin deficiency. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;3:21–255. (grade C).

McCaffrey TV McDonald TJ. Sarcoidosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Laryngoscope 1983;93:1281–4. (grade C).

Shikowitz MJ Alvi A. Sarcoidosis presenting as nasal obstruction. Am J Rhinol 1993;7:133–8. (grade C).

Krespi YP Kuriloff DB Aner M. Sarcoidosis of the sinonasal tract: a new staging system. Otolaryngolol Head Neck Surg 1995;112:221–7.

Lazarus AA. Sarcoidosis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1982;15:621–33. (grade C).

James DG Barker S Jash D , et al. Sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract. J Laryngol Otol 1982;96:711–8.

Lieberman J. Elevation of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) level in sarcoidosis. Am J Med 1975;59:365–72. (grade C).

Wilson R Lund V Sweatman IS , et al. Upper respiratory tract involvement in sarcoidosis and its management. Eur Respir J 1988;1:269–72. (grade C).

Devaney KO Travis WD Hoffman G , et al. Interpretation of head and neck biopsies in Wegener's granulomatosis: a pathologic study of 126 biopsies in 70 patients. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14:555–64. (grade B).

Fauci AS Wolff SM. Wegener's granulomatosis. Medicine 1973;52:535–61. (grade B).

Vartiainen E Nuutinen J. Head and neck manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis. Ear Nose Throat J 1992;71:423–8. (grade C).

Hoffman GS Kerr GS Leavitt RY , et al. Wegener's granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:488–98. (grade B).

Van der Woude FJ Lobatto S Permin H , et al. Autoantibodies against neutrophils and monocytes: tool for diagnosis and marker of disease activity in Wegener's granulomatosis. Lancet 1985;1:425–9. (grade B).

Nolle B Specks U Ludemann J , et al. Anticytoplasmic autoantibodies: their immunodiagnostic value in Wegener's granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med 1989;11:28–40. (grade A).

Sneller MC. Wegener's granulomatosis. JAMA 1995;273:1288–91. (grade C).

Andrews JT Kountakis SE. Wegener's granulomatosis of the skull base. Am J Otolaryngol 1996;17:349–52. (grade C).

Rosenstein BJ. Making and confirming the diagnosis. In: Orenstein D Stern RC , editors. Cystic fibrosis. Philadelphia: Lippincott Raven, 1997. In press. (grade C).

Stern RC Boat TF Wood RE , et al. Treatment and prognosis of nasal polyps in cystic fibrosis. Am J Dis Child 1982;136:1067–70. (grade C).

Shwachman H Kulczycki LL Mueller HL , et al. Nasal polyposis in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 1962;30:389–401. (grade C).

Wiatrak BJ Myer CM Cotton RT. Cystic fibrosis presenting with sinus disease in children. Am J Dis Child 1993;147:258–60. (grade C).

Kulczycki LL Murphy TM Bellanti JA. Pseudomonas colonization in cystic fibrosis. JAMA 1978;240:30–4. (grade C).

Fitzpatrick SB Rosenstein BJ Langbaum TS. Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis during adolescence. J Adolesc Health Care 1987;7:38–43.

Gibson LE Cooke RE. A test for concentration of electrolytes in sweat in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas utilizing pilocarpine by iontophoresis. Pediatrics 1959;23:545–9. (grade A).

Webster HL Barlow WK. New approach to cystic fibrosis diagnosis by use of an improved sweat induction/collection systems and osmometry. Clin Chem 1981;27:385–7. (grade A).

Kingdom TT Lee KC Cropp GJ. Chronic sinusitis and a negative sweat test in a patient with cystic fibrosis. Am J Rhinol 1995;9:225–8. (grade C).

Gowen CW Lawson EE Gingras-Leatherman J , et al. Increased nasal potential difference and ameliorate sensitivity in neonates with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 1986;108:517–21. (grade B).

Alton EWFW Currie D Logan-Sinclair R , et al. Nasal potential difference: a clinical diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 1990;3:922–6. (grade B).

Alton EWFW Hay JG Munro C , et al. Measurement of nasal potential difference in adult cystic fibrosis, Young's syndrome, and bronchiectasia. Thorax 1987;42:815–7. (grade A).

Kerem B Rommens JM Buchanan JA , et al. Identification of cystic fibrosis gene: genetic analysis. Science 1989;245:1073–80. (grade A).

Kingdom TT Lee KC FitzSimmons SC , et al. Clinical characteristics and genotype analysis of patients with cystic fibrosis and nasal polyposis requiring surgery. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;122:1209–13. (grade B).

Ballenger WL Ballenger HC. The etiology, pathology, symptoms and diagnosis of sinus infections. In: Ballenger WL Ballenger HC , editors. Diseases of the nose, throat and ear. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1943. p. 148–57. (grade C).

Mabry RL. Office diagnosis of sinus disorders: the role of ultrasound scanning. Laryngoscope 1984;94:1042–4. (grade C).

Williams JW Jr Simel DL. Does this patient have sinusitis? Diagnosing acute sinusitis by history and physical examination. JAMA 1993;270:1242–6. (grade A).

Pfister R Lutolf M Schwapowal A , et al. Screening for sinus disease in patients with asthma: a computed tomography-controlled comparison of A-mode ultrasonography and standard radiography. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994;94:804–9. (grade B).

Rohr AS Spector SL Siegel SC , et al. Correlation between A-mode ultrasound and radiography in the diagnosis of maxillary sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986;78:58–61. (grade C).