BeaconsfieldT.NicholsonR.ThorntonA. (1998) Would thyroid and breast shielding be beneficial in CT of the head?Eur. Radiol. 8, 664–667.
2.
CalzadoA.RodríguezR.MuòozG. (2000) Quality criteria implementation for brain and lumbar spine CT examinations. Br. J. Radiol. 73: 384–395.
3.
CalzadoA.Ruiz SanzS.MelchorM. (1995) A comparison of measured and calculated organ doses from CT examinations. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 57, 381–385.
4.
CaonM.BibboG.PattisonJ. (1999) An EGS4-ready tomographic computational model of a 14-year-old female torso for calculating organ doses from CT examinations. Phys. Med. Biol. 44: 2213–2225.
5.
CaonM.BibboG.PattisonJ. (2000) Monte Carlo calculated effective dose to teenage girls from CT examinations. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 90, 445–448.
6.
CEC (1997) Directive of 30 June 1997 on Health Protection of Individuals against the Dangers of Ionising Radiation in Relation to Medical Exposures. Directive 97/43/EURATOM. Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
7.
CEC (1999) Quality Criteria for Computed Tomography, European Guidelines. EUR 16262, Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
8.
ClarkeJ.CranleyK.RobinsonJ. (2000) Application of draft European Commission reference levels to a regional CT dose survey. Br. J. Radiol. 73: 43–50.
9.
ConwayB.J.McCrohanJ.L.AntonsenR.G. (1992). Average radiation dose in standard CT examination of the head: results of the 1990 NEXT survey. Radiology184, 135–140.
10.
EdyveanS. (1998) Type Testing of CT Scanners: Methods and Methodology for Assessing Imaging Performance and Dosimetry. Report MDA/98/25. Medical Devices Agency, London, UK.
11.
GeleijnsJ.van UnnikJ.G.ZoeteliefJ. (1994) Comparison of two methods for assessing patient dose from computed tomography. Br. J. Radiol. 67: 360–365.
12.
GiesM.KalenderW.A.WolfH. (1999) Dose reduction in CT by anatomically adapted tube current modulation. I. Simulation studies. Med. Phys. 26, 2235–2247.
13.
GreessH.WolfH.BaumU. (1999) Dosisreduktion in der Computertomographie durch anatomieorientierte schwächungsbasierte Röhrenstrommodulation: Erste klinische Ergebnisse. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 170, 246–250.
14.
HartD.HillierM.C.WallB.F. (1996) Doses to Patients from Medical X-Ray Examinations in the UK—1995 Review. NRPB-R289. HMSO, London, UK.
15.
HidajatN.SchröderR.J.VogelT. (1996) The efficacy of lead shielding in patient dosage reduction in computed tomography. Röfo Fortschr. Geb Röntgenstr. Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr165, 462–465.
16.
HopperK.D.KingS.H.LobellM.E. (1997) The breast: in-plane x-ray protection during diagnostic thoracic CT-shielding with bismuth radioprotective garments. Radiology205, 853–858.
17.
HudaW.AthertonJ.V.WareD.E. (1997) An approach for the estimation of effective radiation dose at CT in pediatric patients. Radiology203: 417–422.
18.
ICRP (1991) 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60, Annals of the ICRP21 (1–3).
19.
ICRP (1993) Radiological protection in biomedical research. ICRP Publication 62. Annals of the ICRP22 (3).
20.
ICRP (1996) Radiological protection and safety in medicine. ICRP Publication 73. Annals of the ICRP26 (2).
21.
ICRP (2000) Pregnancy and medical radiation. ICRP Publication 84. Annals of the ICRP30 (1).
22.
IEC (1994) Evaluation and Routine Testing in Medical Imaging Departments, Part 2–6: Constancy Tests-X-Ray Equipment for Computed Tomography. IEC 1223-2-6. International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland.
23.
IEC (1999) Medical Electrical Equipment—Part 2: Particular Requirements for the Safety of X-Ray Equipment for Computed Tomography. IEC 60601-2-44. International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland.
24.
IPEM (1997) Recommended Standards for the Routine Performance Testing of Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging Systems. Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine Report No 77. IPEM, York, UK.
25.
ItohS.IkedaM.ArahataS. (2000) Lung cancer screening: minimum tube current required for helical CT. Radiology215, 175–183.
26.
JonesD.G. (1997) A realistic anthropomorphic phantom for calculating organ doses arising from external photon irradiation. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 72, 21–29.
27.
JonesD.G.ShrimptonP.C. (1993) Normalised Organ Doses for X-Ray Computed Tomography Calculated Using Monte Carlo Techniques. NRPB-SR250. HMSO, London, UK.
28.
JurikA.G.BongartzGGoldingS.J. (1998) The quality criteria for computed tomography. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 80, 49–53.
29.
KalenderW.A. (2000) Computed Tomography. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
30.
KalenderW.A.SchmittB.ZanklM. (1999) A PCprogram for estimating organ dose and effective dose values in computed tomography. Eur. Radiol. 9, 555–562.
31.
KalenderW.A.WolfH.SuessC. (1999) Dose reduction in CT by anatomically adapted tube current modulation: II. Phantom measurements. Med. Phys. 26, 2248–2253.
32.
KalenderW.A.WolfH.SuessC. (1999) Dose reduction in CT by on-line tube current control: principles and validation on phantoms and cadavers. Eur. Radiol. 9, 323–328.
33.
KatoR.KatadaK.AnnoH. (1996) Radiation dosimetry at CT fluoroscopy: physician's hand dose and development of needle holders. Radiology201:576–578.
34.
KeatN.L. (2000) Real Time CT and CT Fluoroscopy. Medical Devices Agency Report MDA/00/10. HMSO, London, UK.
35.
LeeJ.S.PrimackS.L.StaplesC.A. (1994) Chronic infiltrative lung disease-comparison of diagnostic accuracies of radiography and low-and conventional dose thin-section CT. Radiology191: 669–73.
36.
MayoJ.R.HarstmanT.E.LeeK.S. (1995) CT of the chest: minimal tube current required for good image quality with the least radiation dose. Am. J. Roentgenol. 164, 603–607.
37.
MettlerF.A.WiestP.W.LockenJ.A. (2001) CT scanning: patterns of use and dose. J. Radiol. Prot. 20, 353–359.
38.
MiniR.L.VockP.MuryR. (1995) Radiation exposure of patients who undergo CT of the trunk. Radiology195: 557–562.
NaidichD.P.MarshallC.H.GribbinC. (1990) Low dose CT of the lungs-preliminary observations. Radiology175, 729–31.
41.
NishizawaK.MaruyamaT.TakayamaM. (1995) Estimation of effective dose from CT examination. Nippon Acta Radiologica55: 763–768.
42.
OlerudH.M. (1997) Analysis of factors influencing patient doses from CT in Norway. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 71, 123–133.
43.
PriceR.HalsonP.SampsonM. (1999) Dose reduction during CT scanning in an anthropomorphic phantom by the use of a male gonad shield. Br. J. Radiol. 72, 489–494.
44.
RehaniM.M. (2000) Computed tomography: radiation dose considerations. In: RehaniM.M. (Ed.), Advances in Medical Physics. Jaypee Bros Medical Publishers, N. Delhi, India, pp. 125–133.
45.
RehaniM.M.BerryM. (2000) Radiation doses in computed tomography. Br. Med. J. 320, 593–594.
46.
RobinsonA. (1997) Radiation protection and patient doses in diagnostic radiology. In: GraignerR.G.AllisonD.J. (Eds.), Diagnostic Radiology: A Text Book of Medical Imaging. Vol I. Churchill Livingstone, New York, NY, pp. 169–190.
UNSCEAR (2000) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 2000 Report to the General Assembly, Annex D: Medical Radiation Exposures. United Nations, New York, NY.
58.
VeitR.ZanklM.PetoussiN. (1989) Tomographic anthropomorphic models. Part 1: construction technique and description of models of an 8 week old baby and a 7 year old child. GSF-Bericht 3/89. Gesellschaft für Strahlenforschung, Neuherberg, Germany.
59.
WallB.F.HartD. (1997) Revised radiation doses for typical x-ray examinations, report on a recent review of doses to patients from medical x-ray examinations in the UK by NRBP. Br. J. Radiol. 70, 437–439.
60.
WallB.F.ShrimptonP.C. (1998) The historical development of reference doses in diagnostic radiology. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 80, 15–20.
61.
WeisserG.LehmannK.J.ScheckR. (1999) Dose and image quality of electron-beam CT compared with spiral CT. Invest. Radiol. 34, 415–420.
62.
XuX.G.ChaoT.C.BozkurtA. (2000) VIP-MAN: an image-based whole-body adult male model constructed from colour photographs of the visible human project for multi-particle Monte Carlo calculations. Health Phys. 78, 476–486.
63.
ZanklM. (1998) Methods for assessing organ doses using computational models. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 80, 207–212.
64.
ZanklM.PanzerW.DrexlerG. (1991) The calculation of dose from external photon exposures using reference human phantoms and monte carlo methods. part vi: organ doses from tomographic examinations. GSF-Bericht 30/91. Gesellschaft für Strahlenforschung, Neuherberg, Germany.
65.
ZanklM.PanzerW.DrexlerG. (1993) Tomographic anthropomorphic models. Part II: organ doses from computed tomographic examinations in paediatric radiology. GSF-Bericht 30/93. Gesellschaft für Strahlenforschung, Neuherberg, Germany.
66.
ZanklM.PanzerW.Petoussi-HenssN. (1995) Organ doses for children from computed tomographic examinations. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 57, 393–396.3.