4. Biokinetic data and models

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Catalano P.M. William W.W. Drago N.M. (1995) Estimating body composition in late gestation: a new hydration constant for body density and total body water. Am. J. Physiol. 268, 153–158.

Forsum E. Sadurskis A. Wager J. (1988) Resting metabolic rate and body composition of healthy Swedish women during pregnancy and lactation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 47, 943–947.

Forsum E. Sadurskis A. Wager J. (1989) Estimation of body fat in healthy Swedish women during pregnancy and lactation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50(3), 465–473.

Gerber G.B. Maes J. (1981) Incorporation and turnover of tritium in neonatal mice and their mothers after feeding tritiated thymidine during pregnancy. Health Physics 40, 755–759.

Hytten F.E. Leitch I. (1971) The volume and composition of blood. In: The Physiology of Human Pregnancy, 2nd Edition. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 1–68.

ICRP (1975) Report of the Task Group on Reference Man. ICRP Publication 23. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

ICRP (1989) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 1. ICRP Publication 56. Annals of the ICRP 20 (2)

Iob V. Swanson W.W. (1934) Mineral growth of the human fetus. Am. J. Dis. Child 47, 302–306.

Inomata T. (1983) Behaviours of tritium in terrestrial biological system. Environmental seminar on the study of tritium behaviour in the environment and human body. NIRS, 287, Meeting in Chiba, Japan 3–4 December 1981, pp. 141–155 (Abstract)

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Kirchmann R. Remy J. Charles P. (1973) Distribution et incorporation du tritium dans les organes de ruminants. In: Environmental Behaviour of Radionuclides Release in the Nuclear Industry. IAEA Collog/NEA/OMS Aix en Provence, pp. 385–402.

Levack V. Kozlowski R. Harrison J.D. (1998) Biokinetics, Dosimetry and Effects of Tritium in the Embryo and Fetus. Contract report to AECB, Canada. NRPB-M962

Moskalev Y.I. Lyaginskaya A.M. Isotomina A.G. (1973) Tritium oxide transfer through placenta, its intake with milk and biological action of tritiated water on the fetus. In: Moghissi, A.A., Carter, M.W. (Eds.), Tritium. Messenger Graphics, Phoenix, pp. 245–251.

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Pietrzak-Flis Z. Radwan I. Major Z. (1982) Tritium incorporation in rats chronically exposed to tritiated food or tritiated water for three successive generations. J. Radiat. Res. 22, 434–442.

Pipe N.G. Smith T. Halliday D. (1979) Changes in fat, fat-free mass and body water in human normal pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 86 (12), 929–940.

Takeda H. Nishimura Y. Inaba J. (1994) Transfer of tritium to prenatal and neonatal rats from their mothers exposed to tritiated compounds. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 53, 281–284.

Ueno Y. Nakamura S. Takahashi T. (1979) Transfer of tritium to foetuses and newborns from mother mice administered with tritiated water. In: Behaviour of Tritium in the Environment, Proc. Int. IAEA and NEA, OECD Symp., San Francisco, October 1978. IAEA, Vienna, pp. 445–452.

Van-Hees M. Gerber G.B. Kirchmann R. (1986) Retention in young pigs of organically-bound tritium given during pregnancy and lactation. Workshop on environmental and human risks of tritium. Karlsruhe, 17–19 February 1986. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 16, 123–126.

van Raaij J.M. Peek M.E. Vermaat-Miedema S.H. (1988) New equations for estimating body fat mass in pregnancy from body density or total body water. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 48(1), 24–29.

Widdowson E.M. Spray C.M. (1951) Chemical development in utero. Arch. Dis. Child 26, 205–214.

Ziegler E.E. O'Donnell A.M. Nelson S.E. (1976) Body composition of the reference fetus. Growth 40, 329–341.

Cetin I. Marconi A.M. Baggiani A.M. (1995) In vivo placental transport of glycine and leucine in human pregnancies. Pediat. Res. 37, 571–575.

Dougherty R.W. O'Toole J.T. Allison M.J. (1967) Oxidation of inter-arterially administered C-14 labelled methane in sheep. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 124, 95–107.

Gaull G.E. Räiha N.C.R. Saarikoski S. (1973) Transfer of cyst(e)ine and methionine across the human placenta. Pediat. Res. 7, 908–913.

ICRP (1981) Limits for intakes of radionuclides by workers: part 3 (including Addendum to Parts 1 and 2). ICRP Publication 30. Annals of the ICRP 6 (2/3)

ICRP (1989) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intakes of radionuclides: part 1. ICRP Publication 56. Annals of the ICRP 20 (2), 21–23.

Ishiwata K. Ido T. Kawashima K. (1985) Placental transfer of positron-emitting radionuclides in metabolic substrates. Int. J. Nucl. Med. Biol. 12, 33–36.

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Gaull G.E. Sturman J. Räiha N.C.R. (1972) Development of mammalian sulfur metabolism. Absence of cystathionase in human fetal tissue. Pediat. Res. 6, 558.

Gaull G.E. Räiha N.C.R. Saarikoski S. (1973) Transfer of cyst(e)ine and methionine across the human placenta. Pediat. Res. 7, 908–913.

Hansard S.L. (1969) Transplacental movement and maternal-fetal organ accretion rates in gravid cattle, sheep and swine. In: Sikov, M.R. (Ed.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. Proc. 9th Ann. Hanford Biology Symp., Washington, May 1969, pp. 9–23.

ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4), 13–18.

Ishiwata K. Ido T. Kawashima K. (1985) Placental transfer of positron-emitting radionuclides in metabolic substrates. Int. J. Nucl. Med. Biol. 12, 33–36.

Sturman J.A. Niemann W.H. Gaull G.E. (1973) Metabolism of 35S-methionine and 35S-cystine in the pregnant rhesus monkey. Biol. Neonate 22, 16–37.

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Hall G.S. Carr M.J. (1983) Al, Ba, Si and Sr in amniotic fluid by emission spectrometry. Clin. Chem. 29, 1318.

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Heaney R.P. Skillman T.G. (1971) Calcium metabolism in normal human pregnancy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 33, 661–669.

Huq N. King J.C. Halloran B.P. (1988) Calcium metabolism in pregnant and lactating women—a longitudinal study. FASEB J. 2, A465.

ICRP (1993) Age-dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides: Part 2 Ingestion Dose Coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP, 23 (3/4) 13–18.

ICRP (1995a) Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection. ICRP Publication 70. Annals of the ICRP 25 (2)

ICRP (1995b) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intakes of radionuclides: part 4. Inhalation dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 71. Annals of the ICRP. 25 (3/4)

King J.C. Halloran B.P. Huq N. (1992) Calcium metabolism during pregnancy and lactation. In: Picciano M.F. Lonnerdol B. (Eds.), Mechanisms Regulating Lactation and Infant Nutrient Utilization. New York, Wiley-Liss, Inc., pp. 129–146.

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MacDonald N.S. Hutchinson D.L. Heplep M. (1965) Movement of calcium in both directions across the primate placenta. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 119, 476–481.

Nelson A. Rönnbäck C. Sjöden A.M. (1965) Placental transfer of strontium-85 in mice. Acta Radiologica 3, 477–483.

Pecher C. Pecher J. (1941) Radio-calcium and radio-strontium metabolism in pregnant mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 46 (1), 91–94.

Pitkin R.M. (1985) Calcium metabolism in pregancy and the perinatal peroid: a review. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 151, 99–109.

Priest N.D. Rees M. (1986) An Investigation of the Fetal Uptake of 85Sr in the Rat and Guinea-pig and a Comparison of the Relative Uptakes of 45Ca, 85Sr and 133Ba by the Rat Foetus. HSE Contract Report No. HS/3/153/84. NRPB, Chilton.

Ramberg C.F. Jr. Delivoria-Papadopoulos M. Crandall E.D. (1973) Kinetic analysis of calcium transport across the placenta. J. Appl. Physiol. 35, 682–688.

Stather J.W. Adams N. Gray S.A. (1987) Comparative studies on the transfer of radionuclides to the fetus in the rat—implications for human dosimetry. In: Gerber G.B. Métivier H. Smith H. (Eds.), Age-related Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 371–380.

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Widdowson E.M. McCane R.A. (1965) The metabolism of Ca, P, Mg and Sr. In: The Pediatric Clinics of North America. Vol 12/3, pp. 595–614.

Anghileri L.J. Crone M.C. Thouvenot P. (1985) Placenta, embryo and tumour uptake of ⁶⁷Gacitrate and ⁵⁹Fe-citrate. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 10, 288–289.

Baglan R.J. Brill A.B. Schulert A. (1974) Utility of placental tissue as an indicator of trace element exposure to adult and fetus. Environ. Res. 8, 64–70.

Beaton G.H. (1974) Epidemiology of iron deficiency. In: Jacobs A. Worwood M. (Eds.), Iron in Biochemistry and Medicine. Academic Press, New York, pp. 477–528.

Bothwell T.H. Pribilla W.F. Mebust W. (1958) Iron transport in the pregnant rabbit: iron transport across the placenta. Am. J. Physiol. 193, 615–622.

Bothwell T.H. Charlton R.W. Cook J.D. (1979) Iron nutrition. In: Iron Metabolism in Man, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

Cotes P.M. Moss G.F. Muir A.R. (1966) Distribution of iron in maternal and fetal tissues from pregnant rhesus monkeys treated with a single intravenous infusion of ⁵⁹Fe iron dextran. Br. J. Pharmacol. 26, 633–648.

Dyer N.C. Brill A.B. (1969) Fetal radiation dose from maternally administered ⁵⁹Fe and ¹³¹I. In: Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (Eds.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. Proc. 9th Ann. Hanford Biology Symp. Washington, May 1969. pp. 73–88. USAEC Div. Tech. Inf., Oak Ridge

Fletcher J. Suter P.E.N. (1969) The transport of iron by the human placenta. Clin. Sci. 36, 209–220.

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Hahn P.F. Carothers E.L. Darby W.J. (1951) Iron metabolism in human pregnancy as studied with the radioisotope Fe-59. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 61, 477–481.

Hansard S.L. (1969) Transplacental movement and maternal-fetal organ accretion rates in gravid cattle, sheep and swine. In: Sikov, M.R., Mahlum, D.D. (Eds.), Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. Proc. 9th Ann. Hanford Biology Symp. Washington, May 1969. pp. 9–23. USAEC Div. Tech. Inf., Oak Ridge

ICRP (1995) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intakes of radionuclides: part 3. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 69. Annals of the ICRP 25 (1)

Mahon D.F. Subramanian G. McAfee J.G. (1973) Experimental comparison of radioactive agents for studies of the placenta. J. Nucl. Med. 14, 651–659.

Roedler H.D. (1987) Assessment of fetal activity concentration and fetal dose for selected radionuclides based on animal and human data. In: Gerber G.B. Métivier H. Smith H. (Eds.), Age Dependent Factors in Radionuclide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, pp. 327–338.

Seal U.S. Akhouri A.S. Doe R.P. (1972) Placental iron transfer: relationship to placental anatomy and phylogeny of the mammals. Am. J. Anat. 134, 263–269.

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van Dijk J.P. (1977) Iron metabolism and placental transfer of iron in the term rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): a compartmental analysis. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynec. Reprod. Biol., 7, 127–139.

Baglan R.J. Brill A.B. Schulert A. (1974) Utility of placental tissue as an indicator of trace element exposure to adult and fetus. Environ. Res. 8, 64–70.

Gerber G.B. (1993) Radionuklid transfer. In: Maier C. (Ed.), Beiträge zu Strahlenschäden und Strahlenkrankheiten. Zivilschutz Forschung, Band 14, Bundesamt für Zivilschutz, Bonn, pp. 117–260.

ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4)

Iyengar G.V. Kollmer W.E. Bowen H.J.M. (1978) The Elemental Composition of Human Tissues and Body Fluids. Verlag Chemie, New York.

Luhby A.L. Cooperman J.M. Donnenfeld A.M. (1958) Observations on transfer of vitamin B₁₂ from mother to fetus and newborn. Am. J. Dis. Child 96, 532–533.

Luhby A.L. Cooperman J.M. Donnenfeld A.M. (1959) Placental transfer and biological half-life of radioactive Vit. B₁₂ in the dog. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 100, 214–217.

Matsusaka N. (1976) Relationship between the fetal uptake of radioactive cobalt and the gestation period in mice. Medicine and Biology 92, 457–461.

Nishimura Y. Inaba J. Ichikawa R. (1976) Whole-body retention of ⁶⁰CoCl2 and ⁵⁸Co-cyanocobalamin in young and adult rats. J. Radiat. Res. 17, 240–246.

Nishimura Y. Inaba J. Ichikawa R. (1978) Fetal uptake of ⁶⁰CoCl2 and ⁵⁷Co-cyanocobalamin in different gestation stages of rats. J. Radiat. Res. 19, 236–245.

Sikov M.R. Hui T.E. (1996) Contribution of maternal radionuclide burden to prenatal radiation dose. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NUREG/CR-5631; PNL-7445, Rev. 2

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Zylicz E. Zablotna R. Geisler J. (1976) Placental transfer of ⁶⁰Co as a function of gestation age. Nukleonika, 21, 1203–1210.

Casey C.E. Robinson M.F. (1978) Copper, manganese, zinc, nickel, cadmium and lead in human foetal tissues. Br. J. Nutr. 39, 639–647.

ICRP (1993) Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 2. Ingestion dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 67. Annals of the ICRP 23 (3/4)

Jacobsen N. (1978) Nickel and strontium distribution in some mouse tissues; passage through placenta and mammary glands. Res. Comm. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 20, 571–584.

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Arnaud J. Preziosi P. Mashako L. (1993) Serum trace elements in Zairian mothers and their newborn. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 48, 341–348.

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