Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection: Revised December 1954

Symposium on Radiobiology—The Basic Aspects of Radiation Effects on Living Tissues. Edited by Nickson J. J. (Chapman & Hall Ltd., London, 1952).

Advances in Biological and Medical Physics, Vol. I (1948), Vol. II (1951), Vol. III (1953). Edited by Lawrence J. H. Hamilton J. G. (Academic Press Inc., New York).

Spear F. G. , Radiation and Living Cells (Chapman & Hall Ltd., London, 1953).

Lea D. E. , Actions of Radiations on Living Cells, 2nd edition (Cambridge University Press, 1955).

Mayneord W.V. , “Some Applications of Nuclear Physics to Medicine”, Brit. Journ. Rad., 1950, Suppl. 2.

Behrens C. F. , Atomic Medicine, 2nd edition (Bailliere, Tindall & Cox, 1953).

Biological Hazards of Atomic Energy. Edited by Haddow A. (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952).

Perussia A. , Medicina nucleare (el Pensiera Scientifico, Rome, 1954).

Tubiana M. , Les Isotopes radioactifs en Médecine et en Biologie (Masson & Co., Paris, 1950).

Siri W. E. , Isotopic Tracers and Nuclear Radiations—with Applications to Biology and Medicine (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1949).

“Maladies professionnelles causées par les Rayons X et substances radioactives”, Rapport aux Journées Medicales de Bruxelles, July 1936.

Genaud P. , Protection contre les Radioéléments (Dunod, Paris, 1951).

Conference on Radiobiology and Radiation Protection. Stockholm, September 1952. Acta Radiologica, 1954, OS_xli (No. 1), 1.

Cook G. B. Duncan J. F. , Modern Radiochemical Practice (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952).

Laboratory Design for Handling Radioactive Materials. Research Correlation Conference (1951), conducted by the Building Research Advisory Board, National Research Council and National Academy of Sciences (Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 1952).

Scott , w. g., Planning Guide for Radiologic Installations (Commission on Public Relations of the American College of Radiology). (The Year Book Publishers Inc., Chicago, 1953.).

Régles d'utilisation des appareils de radiologie et générateurs de Rayons X et accessories, Union Technique du Syndicat de l'Electricité (Paris, 1943).

National Bureau of Standards Handbooks (Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D.C., U.S.A.).

Radium Protection (issued August 25, 1938).

Safe Handling of Radioactive Luminous Compounds (issued May 2, 1941).

Medical X-ray Protection up to Two Million Volts (issued March 30, 1949).

Safe Handling of Radioactive Isotopes (issued September 1949).

Control and Removal of Radioactive Contamination in Laboratories (issued December 15, 1951).

Recommendations for Waste Disposal of Phosphorus-32 and Iodine-131 for Medical Users (issued November 2, 1951).

Wyckoff H. O. Taylor L. S. , X-ray Protection Design (issued May 9, 1951).

Radiological Monitoring Methods and Instruments (issued April 7, 1952).

Maximum Permissible Amounts of Radioisotopes in the Human Body and Maximum Permissible Concentrations in Air and Water (issued March 20, 1953).

Recommendations for the Disposal of Carbon-14 Wastes (issued October 26, 1953).

Protection Against Radiations from Radium, Cobalt-60 and Caesium-137 (issued September 1, 1954).

Protection Against Betatron-Synchrotron Radiations up to 100 MeV (issued February 26, 1954).

Safe Handling of Cadavers Containing Radioactive Isotopes (issued October 26, 1953).

Radioactive-Waste Disposal in the Ocean (issued August 25, 1954).

Permissible Dose from External Sources of Ionizing Radiation (issued September 24, 1954).

Abrams Richard , “Metabolism and Distribution of Inhaled Plutonium”, CH-3655.

Anthony D. S. Snyder R. H. , “Acute Radiotoxicity of Injected 32P in Mice. Part I. Metabolism and Survival”, MDDC-881.

Anthony D. S. Lathrop K. A. , “Acute Radiotoxicity of Injected Cerium 144 in the Rat”, CH-3824 or MDDC-1326.

Barclay Ralph K. Peacock Wendell C. Karnofsky Davis , “Distribution and Excretion of Radioactive Thallium in the Chick Embryo, Rat and Man”, Journ. Pharmacol. and Exp. Therapeutics, February 1953, OS_cvii, 178–187.

Behrens Charles , Atomic Medicine (Thomas Nelson & Sons, New York, 1949).

Bloom William , Histopathology of Radiation from External and Internal Sources (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1948).

Bauman Emil J. Zizmer N. Oshry E. Seidlin S. M. , “Behaviour of the Thyroid toward Elements of the Seventh Periodic Group. II. Rhenium”, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., 1949, OS_lxxii, 502–506.

Bale W. F. , Unpublished memo, “Hazards Associated with Radon and Thoron”, March 14, 1951.

“Official Minutes of Chalk River Conference on Permissible Internal Dose”, held at Chalk River, Canada, September 29–30, 1949, RM-10, official use only.

Comar C. L. , “Radioisotopes in Nutritional Trace Element Studies. II. Cobalt and Manganese”, Nucleonics, October 1948, OS_iii, 30–42.

Comar C. L. , “Radioisotopes in Nutritional Trace Element Studies. III. Copper, Molybdenum and Zinc”, Nucleonics, November 1948, OS_iii, 34–48.

Comar C. L. Davis G. K. Singer L. , “Fate of Radioactive Copper Administered to the Bovine”, Journ. Biol. Chem., July 1948, OS_clxxiv, 905–914.

Comar C. L. , “University of Tennessee—Atomic Energy Commission Agricultural Research Programme. Quarterly Progress and Work Accomplishment Report for Quarter ending June 30, 1952”.

Dziewiatkowski D. D. , “Conversion of Sulfide Sulfur to Cystine Sulfur in the Rat with the Use of Radioactive Sulfur”, Journ. Biol. Chem., 1946, OS_clxiv, 165–171.

Demeio R. H. Henriques F. C. , “Tellurium: IV. Excretion and Distribution in Tissues Studied with a Radioactive Isotope”, Journ. Biol. Chem., 1947, OS_clxix, 609–623.

Doull John Dubois K. P. , University of Chicago Toxicity Laboratory, “Quarterly Progress Report No. 8, VI, Metabolism and Toxicity of Radioactive Metals”, Coo-35.

Dudley H. C. Maddox G. E. Larue H. C. , “Studies of the Metabolism of Gallium”, NM-011–013 (Report No. 4), also Journ. Pharmacol. and Exp. Therapeutics, June 1949, OS_xcvi, 135–138.

Ely J. O. , “Distribution of Radiophosphorus and Radiogold after Oral, Intraperitoneal and Subcutaneous Administration”, Journ. Franklin Institute, 1940, OS_ccxxx, 125–130.

Everett M. R. , Medical Biochemistry (Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., New York, 1946).

Fink Robert M. , “Progress Report on Metabolism of Postum”, M-1551, 1944.

Fink Robert M. , Biological Studies with Polonium, Radium and Plutonium (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York 1950).

Kimball Charles P. Fink R. M. , “Inhalation of Volatilised Polonium by Rats”, M-1811.

Glock G. E. Lowater F. Murray M. M. , “Retention and Elimination of Fluorine in Bones”, Biochem. Journ., 1941, OS_xxxv, 1235–1239.

Campbell W. W. Greenberg D. M. , “Studies in Calcium Metabolism with the Aid of Its Induced Radioactive Isotope”, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1940, OS_xxvi, 176–180.

Greenberg D. M. Campbell W. W. , “Studies in Mineral Metabolism with the Aid of Induced Radioactive Isotopes. IV. Manganese”, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1940, OS_xxvi, 448–452.

Greenberg D. M. Joseph Michael Cohn W. E. Tufts E. V. , “Studies in the Potassium Metabolism of the Animal Body by Means of its Artificial Radioactive Isotope”, Science, 1938, OS_lxxxvii, 438.

Greenberg D. M. Copp D. H. , “A Tracer Study of Iron Metabolism with Radioactive Iron. I. Methods: Absorption and Excretion of Iron”, Journ. Biol. Chem., 1946, OS_clxiv, 377–387.

When data are not available, direct comparisons are made of Sr with Ca, Th with Pu, Au with Cu, and Ni with Co, etc. Since data available for Cl are limited, it is considered to follow Na in the body.

Hamilton J. G. , “The Metabolic Properties of the Fission Products and Actinide Elements”, Rev. Mod. Phys., October 1948, OS_xx, 718–728.

Kawin Bergene Copp D. H. Hamilton J. G. , “Studies of the Metabolism of Certain Fission Products and Plutonium”, UCRL-812.

Scott K. G. Hamilton J. G. , “Metabolism of Carrier Free Fission Products in the Rat”, MDDC-1275.

Hamilton J. G. , “Metabolism of the Fission Products and the Heaviest Elements”, Radiology, 1947, OS_xlix, 325–343.

Scott K. G. Hamilton J. G. , “Metabolism of Americium in the Rat”, AECD-1785 or UCRL-22.

Hamilton J. G. , UCRL-414.

Hamilton J. G. , UCRL-157.

Hamilton J. G. , UCRL-193.

Hamilton J. G. , UCRL-270.

Hamilton J. G. , “Metabolic Properties of Plutonium and Allied Materials”, UCRL-332.

Hamilton J. G. , UCRL-98.

Hamilton J. G. Crowley J. F. Scott K. G. , “Metabolism of Carrier-Free Beryllium in the Rat”, UCRL-148 or AECD-2254.

Hamilton J. G. , BP-115.

Hamilton J. G. Soley M. H. , “A Comparison of the Metabolism of Iodine and of Element 85 (Eka-Iodine)”, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1940, OS_xxvi, 483–489.

Hevesey George , Radioactive Indicators—Their Application in Biochemistry, Animal Physiology and Pathology (Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1948).

Hodge H. C. , “Suggested Maximum Allowable Concentration of Soluble Uranium Compounds in Air”, UR-81.

Hodge H. C. , “Suggested Maximum Allowable Concentration of Insoluble Uranium Compounds in Air”, UR-67.

Hunter F. T. Kip A. F. Irvine J. W. Jr. , “Radioactive Tracer Studies on Arsenic Injected as Potassium Arsenite. I. Excretion and Localisation in Tissues”, Journ. Pharmacol. and Exp. Therapeutics, 1942, OS_lxxvi, 207–220.

Harrow Benjamin , Textbook of Biochemistry (W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1943).

Jacobson L. Overstreet R. Chaikoff I. , “Metabolism of Fission Products—Radiotellurium”, MDDC-1005.

Kamen M. D. , Radioactive Tracers in Biology (Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1947).

Lawrence J. H. Hamilton J. G. , Advances in Medical and Biological Physics, OS_i (Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1948).

Tobias C. A. Jones H. B. Lawrence J. H. Hamilton J. G. , “Uptake and Elimination of Krypton and Other Inert Gases by the Human Body”, Journ. Clin. Invest., 1949, OS_xxviii, 1375–1385.

Hollcroft J. W. Lorenz Egon , “Retention of Radon by the Mouse. Part I. Experimental Determination of Biodecay and Energy Absorbed”, ANL-4253.

Morgan K. Z. Barkow A. G. Cook M. J. , Oak Ridge National Laboratory data on “Maximum Permissible Concentration Studies of ⁶⁰Co in C-57 Strain Mice” (to be published).

Middlesworth L. V. , “Study of Plutonium Metabolism in the Bone”, MDDC-1022.

Marinelli L. D. , Personal communication. Letter to Dr. K. Z. Morgan, April 19, 1950.

Mattis Paul A. , “Toxicological Studies of Certain Thorium Salts”, NYO-1607.

Neilands J. B. Strong F. M. Elvehjem C. A. , “Molybdenum in Nutrition of the Rat”, Journ. Biol. Chem., 1948, OS_clxxii, 431–439.

Norris W. P. Kisieleski W. , “Comparative Metabolism of Radium, Strontium and Calcium”, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 1948, OS_xiii, 164–172.

Noonan T. R. Fenn W. O. Haege Lorraine , “Distribution of Injected Radioactive Potassium in Rats”, Amer. Journ. Physiol., 1941, OS_cxxxii, 474–488.

Perkinson J. D. King E. R. , “Preliminary Distribution Studies of Gallium 72 in the Wistar Rat”, Texas Reports on Biology and Medicine, Winter 1950, OS_viii, 491–497.

Schubert Jack , “Plutonium and Yttrium Content of the Blood, Liver and Skeleton of the Rat at Different Times after Intravenous Administration”, AECD-2651.

Shohl A. T. , Mineral Metabolism (Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1939).

Sheline G. E. Chaikoff I. L. Jones H. B. Montgomery M. L. , “Studies on the Metabolism of Zinc with the Aid of Its Radioactive Isotope. II. Distribution of Administered Radioactive Zinc in the Tissues of Mice and Dogs”, Journ. Biol. Chem., 1943, OS_cxlix, 139–151.

Scott K. G. , “Metabolism of Fission Products”, UCRL-960 or AECD-3141 (1950).

Scott K. G. , “Tracer Studies in Rats with Radioactive Materials”, UCRL-806 or AECD-2928.

Scott K. G. , “Tracer Studies—Metabolism of Fission Products”, UCRL-587.

Scott K. G. , “Tracer Studies—Metabolism of Fission Products”, UCRL-683 or AECD-2901.

Scott K. G. , “Metabolism of Curium in the Rat”, UCRL-35 or AECD-1805.

Scott K. G. Crowley Josephine , “Metabolic Properties of Various Elements”, UCRL-1143 or AECD-3200.

Scott K. G. , “Metabolism of Carrier-Free Radioactive Silver in the Rat”, UCRL-36.

Scott K. G. , “Tracer Studies. Medical and Health Physics Quarterly Report—January, February and March 1951”, UCRL-1282.

Scott K. G. Hamilton J. G. Wallace Patricia C. , “Deposition of Carrier-Free Vanadium in the Rat Following Intravenous Administration”, UCRL-1318.

Scott K. G. Crowley Josephine Wallace Patricia , “Tracer Studies”, UCRL-1561.

Steele Robert , “The Turnover of Carbon in the Mouse as Studied by the Use of Tagged Carbohydrate”, BNL-1222.

Sullivan M. F. Doull John Dubois K. P. , TID-188.

Sullivan M. F. Doull John Dubois K. P. , “Metabolism and Toxicity of Radioactive Metals”, University of Chicago Quarterly Progress Report, M-4505.

“Distribution and Excretion of a Soluble Beryllium Compound Using 7Be as a Tracer”, UR-35.

Voegtlin Carl Hodge H. C. , Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium Compounds (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1949).

Wallace Patricia C. , “Metabolism of ¹⁸F in Normal and Chronically Fluorosed Rats”, UCRL-2196.

Ardran G. M. Crooks H. E. , Brit. Journ. Rad., 1953, OS_xxvi, 352.

Behnken H. , Fortschr. Rö.-Str., 1931, OS_xli, 245.

Binks W. , Brit. Journ. Rad., 1943, OS_xvi, 49.

Braestrup C. B. , Radiology, 1944, OS_xliii, 206.

Braestrup C. B. , private communication; Radiology, 1938, OS_xxxi, 206; 1942, xxxviii, 207.

Braestrup C. B. Wyckoff H. O. , Radiology, 1948, OS_li, 840.

Evans W. W. Granke R. C. Wright W. A. Trump J. G. , Radiology, 1952, OS_lviii, 560.

Graf H. , Über die neuen Strahlenschutzregeln f. d. Herstellung u. Errichtung med. Röntgeneinrichtungen u. Anlagen, DIN6811 u. 6812 (Thieme, Stuttgart, 1949).

Heidenreich F. Jaeger R. , Phys. Z., 1938, OS_xxxix, 541.

Jaeger R. Trost A. , Fortschr. Rö.-Str., 1940, OS_lxi, 356; ETZ, 1940, lxi, 1025.

Jaeckel G. , Fortschr. Rö.-Str., 1926, OS_xxxiv, 179.

Kaye G. W. C. , Amer. Journ. Roentgenol. and Ra-Therapy, 1927, OS_xviii, 401.

Kaye G. W. C. Binks W. Bell G. E. , Brit. Journ. Rad., 1938, OS_xi, 676.

Keane B. E. Spiegler G. , Brit. Journ. Rad., 1951, OS_xxiv, 198.

Lindell B. , Acta Radiol., 1954, OS_xli, 353.

Lorentzon L. , Acta Radiol., 1954, OS_xli, 201.

Mayer E. G. Zakovsky J. , Anordnung der Normalisierten Röntgenaufnahmen, 12th Edn. (Urban and Schwarzenberg, Vienna, 1950).

Sievert R. Thoraeus R. , Acta Radiol., 1930, OS_xi, 331.

Singer G. , Safety Code for the Industrial Use of X rays, American Standards Association, April 15, 1946.

Taylor L. S. , Radiology, 1940, OS_xxxiv, 425.

Wachsmann F. , Fortschr. Rö.-Str., 1951, OS_lxxv, 728.

Walstam R. , Acta Radiol., 1954, OS_xli, 347.

Wyckoff H. O. Kennedy R. J. Bradford W. R. , Journ. Research NBS, 1948, OS_xli, 223 (RP 1920).

America National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 41. Medical X-ray Protection up to Two Million Volts. (Superintendent of Documents, Gov. Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.) National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 50. X-ray Protection Design. (Superintendent of Documents Gov. Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.) Safety Code for the Industrial Use of X rays. American Standards Association, Approved April 15, 1946.

Germany Normblätter DIN 6811 Strahlenschutzregeln für die Herstellung medizinischer Röntgeneinrichtungen. 6812 Strahlenschutzregeln für die Errichtung medizinischer Röntgenanlagen. 6813 Strahlenschutzregeln für die Herstellung von Röntgenschutzkleidung. 6806 Strahlenschutzregeln für technische Röntgeneinrichtungen und Anlagen. Rönt 6/1934 Vorschriften für den Strahlenschutz in nichtmedizinischen Röntgenanlagen. Unfallverhütungsvorschriften der Berufsgenossenschaft für Feinmechanik und Elektrotechnik. (Ausgabe, Oktober 1950.) Unfallverhütungsvorschriften für die Anwendung von Röntgenstrahlen in medizinischen (ärztlichen, zahn ärztlichen und tierärztlichen) Betrieben. Berufsgenossenschaft für Gesundheitsdienst und Wohlfahrtspflege. (Ab. 1. Oktober 1953.) Strahlenschutz und senstiger Arbeitsschutz bei der medizinischen Anwendung von Röntgenstrahlen. (Erläuterungen zu den Unfallverhütungsvorschriften 1953, H. W. Ernst, Verlag Thieme, Stuttgart.) Verordnung zum Schutz gegen Schädigung durch Röntgenstrahlen und radioaktive Stoffe in nichtmedizinischen (Röntgenverordnung vom 7. Februar 1941, Reichsgesetzblatt I. S.88.).

Great Britain Recommendations of the British X-ray and Radium Protection Committee. Seventh revised report, October 1948.

New Zealand Act to make Provision for the Control of Radioactive Substances and Irradiation Apparatus for the Purpose of Protecting the Health of Persons likely to be Exposed to Harmful Radiation, New Zealand October 21, 1949.

South Africa Safety Code for the Medical Use of X rays and Radium. Approved by the Standards Council, July 15, 1949. South Africa Bureau of Standards.

Sweden Sievert R. , “Lag om tillsyn å radiologiskt arbete”, Acta Radiol., 1950, OS_xxxiii, 207. (See English translation.).