4. Thorium

Boecker B. B. Thomas R. G. Scott J. K. (1963). Thorium distribution and excretion studies. II. General patterns following inhalation and the effect of the size of the inhaled dose. Health Phys. 9, 165–176.

Dang H. S. Sunta C. M. (1990). Gastrointestinal absorption factor (f₁) for Th from diet. Health Phys. 58, 220–221.

Dang H. S. Jaiswal D. D. Murthy K. B. S. Sharma R. C. Nambiar P. P. V. J. Sunta C. M. (1992). Relevance of ICRP metabolic model of Th in bio-assay monitoring. J. Radioanalytical Nucl. Chem. Articles 156, 55–64.

Hamilton J. G. (1947). The metabolism of the fission products and the heaviest elements. Radiology 49, 325–343.

Hewson G. S. Fardy J. J. (1993). Thorium metabolism and bioassay of mineral sands workers. Health Phys. 64, 147–156.

Hunt G. J. Leonard D. R. P. Lovett M. B. (1986). Transfer of environmental plutonium and americium across the human gut. Science Total Environ. 53, 89–109.

Hunt G. J. Leonard D. R. P. Lovett M. B. (1990). Transfer of environmental plutonium and americium across the human gut: A second study. Science Total Environ. 90, 273–282.

Ibrahim S. A. Wrenn M. E. Singh N. P. Cohen N. Saccomanno G. (1983). Thorium concentration in human tissues from two US populations. Health Phys. 44 (Suppl. 1), 213–220.

ICRP (1975). Report of the Task Group on Reference Man. ICRP Publication 23, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

ICRP (1979). Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers. ICRP Publication 30, Part 1. Annals of the ICRP 2(3/4), Pergamon Press, Oxford.

ICRP (1986). The Metabolism of Plutonium and Related Elements. ICRP Publication 48. Annals of the ICRP 16(2/3), Pergamon Press, Oxford.

ICRP (1989). Age-dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides. ICRP Publication 56, Part 1. Annals of the ICRP 20(2), Pergamon Press, Oxford.

ICRP (1993). Age-dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides. ICRP Publication 67, Part 2 Ingestion Dose Coefficient. Annals of the ICRP 23(3/4), Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford.

Jee W. S. (1964). A critical survey of the analysis of microscopic distribution of some bone-seeking radionuclides and assessment of absorbed dose. In: Assessment of Radioactivity in Man, Vol. II (Vienna: IAEA) 369–393.

Jee W. S. S. Arnold J. S. Cochran T. H. Twente J. A. Mical R. S. (1962). Relationship of microdistribution of alpha particles to damage. In: Some Aspects of Internal Irradiation, pp. 27–45 ( Dougherty T. F. Jee W. S. S. Mays C. W. Stover B. J. eds), Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Johnson J. R. Lamothe E. S. (1989). A review of the dietary uptake of Th. Health Phys. 56, 165–168.

Larsen R. P. Oldham R. D. Bhattacharyya M. H. Moretti E. S. (1984). Gastrointestinal absorption and distribution of thorium in the mouse. In: Environmental Research Division Annual Report, 65–68. July 1982–June 1983; Argonne National Laboratory, ANL-83-100-Pt. 2.

Maletskos C. J. Keane A. T. Telles N. C. Evans R. D. (1966). The metabolism of intravenously administered radium and thorium in human beings and the relative absorption from the human gastrointestinal tract of radium and thorium in simulated radium dial paints. In: Radium and Mesothorium Poisoning and Dosimetry and Instrumentation Techniques in Applied Radioactivity (MIT-952-3), 202–317. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Maletskos C. J. Keane A. T. Telles N. C. Evans R. D. (1969). Retention and absorption of ²²⁴Ra and ²³⁴Th and some dosimetric considerations of ²²⁴Ra in human beings. In: Delayed Effects of Bone-seeking Radionuclides, pp. 29–49 ( Mays C. W. Jee W. S. S. Lloyd R. D. Stover B. J. Dougherty J. H. Taylor G. N. eds). UT: University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

McInroy J. F. Kathren R. L. Swint M. J. (1990). Distribution of plutonium and americium in whole bodies donated to the United States Transuranium Registry. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 26, 151–158.

Miller S. C. Bruenger F. W. Williams F. W. (1989). Influence of age at exposure on concentrations of Pu-239 in beagle gonads. Health Phys. 56, 485–491.

NEA/OECD (1988). Committee on Radiation Protection and Public Health. Report of an Expert Group on Gut Transfer Factors. NEA/OECD, Paris.

Newton D. Rundo J. Eakins J. D. (1981). Long-term retention of ²²⁸Th following accidental intake. Health Phys. 40, 291–298.

Pavlovskaya N. A. Provotorov A. V. Makeeva L. G. (1971). Absorption of thorium from the gastrointestinal tract into blood of rats and its buildup in organs and tissues. Gig. Sanit. 36 No. 5, 47–50.

Popplewell D. S. Harrison J. D. Ham G. J. (1991). Gastrointestinal absorption of neptunium and uranium in humans. Health Phys. 60, 797–805.

Popplewell D. S. Ham G. J. McCarthy W. Lands C. (1994). Transfer of plutonium across the human gut and its urinary excretion. In: Intakes of Radionuclides. CEC/US-DOE/NRPB/IPSN Workshop, Bath, September 1993.

Rundo J. (1964). Two cases of chronic occupational exposure to radioactive materials. In: Assessment of Radioactivity in Man, Vol. II (Vienna: IAEA) pp. 291–306.

Scott J. K. Neuman W. F. Bonner J. F. (1952). The distribution and excretion of thorium sulphate. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 106, 286–290.

Singh N. P. Wrenn M. E. Ibrahim S. A. (1983). Plutonium concentration in human tissues: Comparison to thorium. Health Phys. 44 (Suppl. 1), 469–476.

Singh N. P. Zimmerman C. J. Taylor G. N. Wrenn M. E. (1988). The beagle: An appropriate experimental animal for extrapolating the organ distribution pattern of Th in humans. Health Phys. 54, 293–299.

Stover B. J. Atherton D. R. Keller N. Buster D. S. (1960). Metabolism of the Th-228 decay series in adult beagle dogs. Radiat. Res. 12, 657–671.

Sullivan M. F. (1980). Absorption of actinide elements from the gastrointestinal tract of rats, guinea pigs, pigs and dogs. Health Phys. 38, 159–171.

Sullivan M. F. Miller B. M. Ryan J. L. (1983). Absorption of thorium and protactinium from the gastrointestinal tract in adult mice and rats and neonatal rats. Health Phys. 44, 425–428.

Sunta C. M. Dang H. S. Jaiswal D. D. Soman S. D. (1990). Thorium in human blood serum, clot, and urine, comparison with ICRP excretion model. J. Radioanalytical Nucl. Chem. Articles 138, 139–144.

Thomas R. G. Lie R. Scott J. K. (1963). Thorium distribution and excretion studies. I. Patterns following parenteral administration. Health Phys. 9, 153–163.

Traikovich M. (1970). Absorption, distribution and excretion of certain soluble compounds of natural thorium. In: Toxicology of Radioactive Substances, Vol. 4: Thorium-232 and uranium-238 ( Letavet A. A. Kurlyandskaya E. B. eds). English translation ( Dolphin G. W. ed), Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Wrenn M. E. Singh N. P. Cohen N. Ibrahim S. A. Saccomanno G. (1990). Thorium in Human Tissues, New York University Medical Center, NUREG/CR-1227.