References

Acquavella J. Tietjen G. Wilkinson G. Key C. Voelz G. (1982). Malignant melanoma incidence at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Lancet 1, 883–884.

Acquavella J. Wilkinson G. Tietjen G. Key C. Stebbings J. Voelz G. (1983a). A melanoma case-control study at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Health Phys. 45, 587–592.

Acquavella J. F. Wilkinson G. Wiggs L. Tietjen G. Key C. (1983b). An evaluation of cancer incidence among employees at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. In: Epidemiology Applied to Health Physics (Proceedings of the 16th Midyear Topical Meeting of the Health Physics Society), Albuquerque, NM. CONF-830101, pp. 338–345.

Ademiluyi S. A. Ijaduola T. (1987). Occurrence and recurrence of basal cell carcinoma of the head and neck in negroid and albinoid Africans. J. Laryngol. Otol. 101, 1324–1328.

Afzelius L. Gunnarsson M. Nordgren H. (1980). Guidelines for prophylactic radical lymph node dissection in cases of carcinoma of the external ear. Head Neck Surg. 2, 361–366.

Al-Barwari S. E. Potten C. S. (1976). Regeneration and dose-response characteristics of mouse dorsal epidermal cells. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 30, 201–216.

Albert R. E. Burns F. J. (1976). Tumor and injury responses of rat skin after sieve pattern X-irradiation. Radiat. Res. 67, 142–148.

Albert R. E. Newman W. Altshuler B. (1961). The dose-response relationships of beta-ray-induced skin tumors in the rat. Radiat. Res. 15, 410–430.

Albert R. E. Burns F. J. Heimbach R. (1967a). The effect of penetration depth of electron radiation on skin tumor formation in the rat. Radiat. Res. 30, 515–524.

Albert R. E. Burns F. J. Heimbach R. (1967b). Skin damage and tumor formation from grid and sieve patterns of electron and beta radiation in the rat. Radiat. Res. 30, 525–540.

Albert R. E. Phillips M. E. Bennett P. Burns F. Heimbach R. (1969). The morphology and growth characteristics of radiation-induced epithelial skin tumors in the rat. Cancer Res. 29, 658–668.

Albert R. E. Burns F. J. Bennett P. (1972). Radiation-induced hair follicle damage and tumor formation in mouse and rat skin. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 49, 1131–1137.

Albert R. E. Burns F. J. Shore R. (1978). Comparison of the incidence and time patterns of radiation-induced skin cancer in humans and rats. In: Late Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation: Proceedings of a Symposium, Vol. II, pp. 499–505. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.

Alderson M. R. Clarke J. (1983). Cancer incidence in patients with psoriasis. Brit. J. Cancer 47, 857–859.

Ames F. Hickey R. (1980). Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin of the extremities. Intl. Adv. Surg. Oncol. 3, 179–199.

Archambeau J. O. Bennett G. W. (1984). Quantification of morphologic, cytologic and kinetic parameters of unirradiated swine skin. A histologic model. Radiat. Res. 98, 254–273.

Archambeau J. O. Mathieu G. R. Brenneis H. J. Thompson K. H. Fairchild R. G. (1968). The response of the skin of swine to increasing single exposures of 250 kVp X-rays. Radiat. Res. 36, 299–326.

Archambeau J. O. Bennett G. W. Abata J. J. Brenneis W. J. (1979). Response of swine skin to acute. single exposure of X-rays: quantification of the epidermal cell changes. Radiat. Res. 79, 298–337.

Archambeau J. O. Ines A. Fajardo L. F. (1984). Response of the swine skin microcirculation to acute single exposures of X-rays: quantification of endothelial cell changes. Radiat. Res. 98, 37–51.

Archambeau J. O. Ines A. Fajardo L. F. (1985). Correlation of the dermal microvasculature with the epidermal and endothelial population changes produced by single X-rays fractions of 1647, 2231 and 2619 rad in swine. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Phys. 11, 1639–1646.

Austin D. Reynolds P. Snyder M. (1981). Malignant melanoma among employees of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Lancet 2, 712–716.

Bailey M. R. (1973). A computer program for calculating beta dose rates from point and plane sources. Research Report RD/B/N2763. Central Electricity Generating Board.

Baker M. R. Bader D. Hopewell J. W. (1989). The effects of single doses of X rays in the mechanical properties of pig skin in vivo. Brit. J. Radiol. 62, 830–837.

Balmain A. Ramsden M. Bowden G. T. Smith J. (1984). Activation of the mouse cellular Harvey-ras gene in chemically induced benign skin papillomas. Nature 307, 657–660.

Bale A. (1988) Personal communication (U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda).

Barabanova A. (1988). The role of skin burn in acute radiation syndrome. In: International Conference on Biological Effects of Large Dose Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation, p. 5, abstract. Hangzhou, China.

Acquavella J. Tietjen G. Wilkinson G. Key C. Voelz G. (1982). Malignant melanoma incidence at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Lancet 1, 883–884.

Acquavella J. Wilkinson G. Tietjen G. Key C. Stebbings J. Voelz G. (1983a). A melanoma case-control study at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Health Phys. 45, 587–592.

Acquavella J. F. Wilkinson G. Wiggs L. Tietjen G. Key C. (1983b). An evaluation of cancer incidence among employees at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. In: Epidemiology Applied to Health Physics. (Proceedings of the 16th Midyear Topical Meeting of the Health Physics Society), Albuquerque, NM. CONF-830101, pp. 338–345.

Ademiluyi S. A. Ijaduola T. (1987). Occurrence and recurrence of basal cell carcinoma of the head and neck in negroid and albinoid Africans. J. Laryngol. Otol. 101, 1324–1328.

Afzelius L. Gunnarsson M. Nordgren H. (1980). Guidelines for prophylactic radical lymph node dissection in cases of carcinoma of the external ear. Head Neck Surg. 2, 361–366.

Al-Barwari S. E. Potten C. S. (1976). Regeneration and dose-response characteristics of mouse dorsal epidermal cells. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 30, 201–216.

Albert R. E. Burns F. J. (1976). Tumor and injury responses of rat skin after sieve pattern X-irradiation. Radiat. Res. 67, 142–148.

Albert R. E. Newman W. Altshuler B. (1961). The dose-response relationships of beta-ray-induced skin tumors in the rat. Radiat. Res. 15, 410–430.

Albert R. E. Burns F. J. Heimbach R. (1967a). The effect of penetration depth of electron radiation on skin tumor formation in the rat. Radiat. Res. 30, 515–524.

Albert R. E. Burns F. J. Heimbach R. (1967b). Skin damage and tumor formation from grid and sieve patterns of electron and beta radiation in the rat. Radiat. Res. 30, 525–540.

Albert R. E. Phillips M. E. Bennett P. Burns F. Heimbach R. (1969). The morphology and growth characteristics of radiation-induced epithelial skin tumors in the rat. Cancer Res. 29, 658–668.

Albert R. E. Burns F. J. Bennett P. (1972). Radiation-induced hair follicle damage and tumor formation in mouse and rat skin. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 49, 1131–1137.

Albert R. E. Burns F. J. Shore R. (1978). Comparison of the incidence and time patterns of radiation-induced skin cancer in humans and rats. In: Late Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation: Proceedings of a Symposium, Vol. II, pp. 499–505. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.

Alderson M. R. Clarke J. (1983). Cancer incidence in patients with psoriasis. Brit. J. Cancer 47, 857–859.

Ames F. Hickey R. (1980). Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin of the extremities. Intl. Adv. Surg. Oncol. 3, 179–199.

Archambeau J. O. Bennett G. W. (1984). Quantification of morphologic, cytologic and kinetic parameters of unirradiated swine skin. A histologic model. Radiat. Res. 98, 254–273.

Archambeau J. O. Mathieu G. R. Brenneis H. J. Thompson K. H. Fairchild R. G. (1968). The response of the skin of swine to increasing single exposures of 250 kVp X-rays. Radiat. Res. 36, 299–326.

Archambeau J. O. Bennett G. W. Abata J. J. Brenneis W. J. (1979). Response of swine skin to acute single exposure of X-rays: quantification of the epidermal cell changes. Radiat. Res. 79, 298–337.

Archambeau J. O. Ines A. Fajardo L. F. (1984). Response of the swine skin microcirculation to acute single exposures of X-rays: quantification of endothelial cell changes. Radiat. Res. 98, 37–51.

Archambeau J. O. Ines A. Fajardo L. F. (1985). Correlation of the dermal microvasculature with the epidermal and endothelial population changes produced by single X-rays fractions of 1647, 2231 and 2619 rad in swine. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Phys. 11, 1639–1646.

Austin D. Reynolds P. Snyder M. (1981). Malignant melanoma among employees of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Lancet 2, 712–716.

Bailey M. R. (1973). A computer program for calculating beta dose rates from point and plane sources. Research Report RD/B/N2763. Central Electricity Generating Board.

Baker M. R. Bader D. Hopewell J. W. (1989). The effects of single doses of X rays in the mechanical properties of pig skin in vivo. Brit. J. Radiol. 62, 830–837.

Balmain A. Ramsden M. Bowden G. T. Smith J. (1984). Activation of the mouse cellular Harvey-ras gene in chemically induced benign skin papillomas. Nature 307, 657–660.

Bale A. (1988) Personal communication (U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda).

Barabanova A. (1988). The role of skin burn in acute radiation syndrome. In: International Conference on Biological Effects of Large Dose Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation, p. 5, abstract. Hangzhou, China.

Barabanova A. Osanov D. P. (1990). The dependence of skin lesions on the depth-dose distribution of β-irradiation of people in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 57, 775–782.

Barendsen G. W. (1969). Tumor induction in rat skin by 300 KeV X-rays and 15 MeV neutrons. In: Radiation-Induced Cancer, pp. 413–424. IAEA Publication STI/PUB/228, Vienna.

Bauer F. W. de Grood R. M. (1975). Impulse cytophotometry in psoriasis. Brit. J. Dermatol. 93, 225–228.

Bauer F. W. de Grood R. M. de Jongh C. J. (1980). Flow cytometry as a tool for the study of cell kinetics in epidermis. Brit. J. Dermatol. 102, 629–639.

Baum J. W. Kaurin D-G. (1991). Reassessment of data used in setting exposure limits for hot particles. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 39, 49–54.

Benfanti A. Brillanti F. (1939). Sulla distributione della ghiandola sebacee nella cude del corpomano. Arch. Ital. Dermatol. 15, 33.

Beral V. Fraser P. Carpenter L. Booth M. Brown A. Rose G. (1988). Mortality of employees of the Atomic Weapons Establishment. Brit. Med. J. 297, 757–770.

Bergstresser P. R. Chapman S. L. (1980). Maturation of normal human epidermis without ordered structure. Brit. J. Dermatol. 102, 641–648.

Biological and Medical Research Group (1965). Some biological aspects of radioactive microspheres. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Report LA-3365–MS, p. 58.

Blair C. (1968). Morphology and thickness of the human stratum corneum. Brit. J. Dermatol. 80, 430–436.

Boice J. (1988). Personal communication (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland).

Boice J. Day N. Andersen A. Brinton L. Brown R. (1985). Second cancers following radiation treatment for cervical cancer. An international collaboration among cancer registries. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 74, 955–975.

Bowden G. T. Jaffe D. D. Andrews K. (1990). Biological and molecular aspects of radiation carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Radiat. Res. 121, 235–241.

Brash D. E. Rudolph J. A. Simon J. A. Lin A. M'Kenna G. J. Baden H. P. Halperin A. J. Poten J. (1991). A role for sunlight in skin cancer: UV-induced p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88, 10124–10128.

Bremner R. Balmain A. (1990). Genetic changes in skin tumor progression: Correlation between presence of a mutant ras gene and loss of heterozygosity on mouse chromosome 7. Cell 61, 407–417.

Brezis M. Rosen S. Silva P. Epstein F. H. (1984). Renal ischaemia; a new perspective. Kidney Int. 26, 375–383.

Brodkin R. Kopf A. Andrade R. (1969). Basal-cell epithelioma and elastosis: A comparison of distribution. In: The Biologic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation, pp. 581–618 ( Urbach F. , ed.). Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Burns F. J. Albert R. E. (1980). Dose-response for rat skin tumors induced by single and split doses of argon ions. In: Biological and Medical Research with Accelerated Heavy Ions at the BEVALAC. University of California, Berkeley, CA.

Burns F. J. Albert R. E. (1986a). Dose response for radiation-induced cancer in rats. In: Radiation Carcinogenesis and DNA Alterations, pp. 51–70 ( Burns F. J. Upton A. C. Silini G. , eds). Plenum Press, New York.

Burns F. J. Albert R. E. (1986b). Radiation carcinogenesis in rat and mouse skin. In: Radiation Carcinogenesis, pp. 199–214 ( Upton A. C. Albert R. E. Burns F. J. Shore R. , eds). Elsevier, New York.

Burns F. J. Sargent E. V. (1981). The induction and repair of DNA breaks in rat epidermis irradiated with electrons. Radiat. Res. 87, 137–144.

Burns F. J. Vanderlaan M. (1977). Split-dose recovery for radiation induced tumors in rat skin. Int. J Radiat. Biol. 32, 135–144.

Burns F. J. Albert R. E. Heimbach R. D. (1968). The RBE for skin tumors and hair follicle damage in the rat following irradiation with alpha particles and electrons. Radiat. Res. 36, 225–241.

Burns F. J. Albert R. E. Bennett P. Sinclair I. P. (1972). Tumor incidence in rat skin after proton irradiation in a sieve pattern. Radiat. Res. 50, 181–190.

Burns F. J. Albert R. E. Sinclair I. P. Bennett P. (1973a). The effect of fractionation on tumor induction and hair follicle damage in rat skin. Radiat. Res. 53, 235–240.

Burns F. J. Vanderlaan M. Albert R. E. (1973b). Growth rate and induction kinetics of radiation-induced rat skin tumors. Radiat. Res. 55, 531 (abstract).

Burns F. J. Albert R. E. Sinclair I. P. Vanderlaan M. (1975a). The effect of a 24–hour fractionation interval on the induction of rat skin tumors by electron radiation. Radiat. Res. 62, 478–487.

Burns F. J. Albert R. E. Vanderlaan M. Strickland P. (1975b). The dose response curve for tumor induction with single and split doses of 10 MeV protons. Radiat. Res. 62, 598–599.

Burns F. J. Sinclair I. P. Albert R. E. Vanderlaan M. (1976). Tumor induction and hair follicle damage for different electron penetrations in rat skin. Radiat. Res. 67, 474–481.

Burns F. J. Sawey M. J. Hosselet S. Garte S. J. (1989). Risk assessment and multiple stages in radiation carcinogenesis. In: Low Dose Radiation: Biological Bases of Risk Assessment, pp. 571–582 ( Baverstock K. F. Stather J. W. , eds). Taylor and Francis, London.

Calanchini-Postizzi E. Frenk E. (1987). Long-term actinic damage in sun-exposed vitiligo and normally pigmented skin. Dermatologica 174, 266–271.

Caldwell G. Kelley D. Zack M. Falk H. Heath C. (1983). Mortality and cancer frequency among military nuclear test (Smoky) participants, 1957 through 1979. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 250, 620–624.

Camplejohn R. S. Gelfant S. Chalker D. Sittampalam Y. (1984). Mitotic and labelling activity in normal human epidermis ‘in vivo’. Cell Tissue Kinet, 17, 315–322.

Charles M. W. (1991). The hot particle problem. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 39, 39–48.

Charles M. W. (1990). A general consideration of the choice of dose limits, averaging areas and weighting factors for the skin in the light of revised skin cancer risk figures and experimental data on non-stochastic effects. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 57, 841–858.

Charles M. W. Williams J. P. Coggle J. E. (1988). Skin carcinogenesis following uniform and non-uniform beta irradiation. Health Phys. 55(2), 399–406.

Chase H. B. (1949). Greying of hair. I. Effects produced by single doses of X-rays on mice. J. Morphol. 84, 57–80.

Chase H. B. (1951). Number of entities inactivated by X-rays in greying of hair. Science 113, 714–716.

Chopra D. P. Flaxman B. A. (1974). Comparative proliferative kinetics of cells from normal human epidermis and benign epidermal hyperplasia (psoriasis) in vitro. Cell Tissue Kinet. 7, 69–76.

Christophers E. (1971a). Cellular architecture of the stratum corneum. J. Invest. Dermatol. 56, 165–169.

Christophers E. (1971b). The architecture of the stratum corneum after wounding. J. Invest. Dermatol. 57, 241–245.

Coggle J. E. Williams J. P. (1990). Experimental studies of radiation carcinogenesis in the skin: a review. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 57, 797–808.

Coggle J. E. (1990). Personal communication (Medical College of St. Bartholomews Hospital, London).

Cole S. Townsend K. M. S. (1985). Dose response of Langerhans cells in mouse footpad epidermis after X irradiation. Radiat. Res. 103, 251–259.

Cole S. Lewkowicz S. J. Townsend K. M. S. (1984). Langerhans cell number and morphology in mouse footpad epidermis after x irradiation. Radiat. Res. 100, 594–606.

Conard R. A. (1980). Review of medical findings in Marshallese population 26 years after accidental exposure to radioactive fallout. BNL 51261, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, January 1980.

Conway H. Hugo N. (1966). Radiation dermatitis and malignancy. Plast. Reconstruct. Surg. 38, 255–268.

Cook J. Bunger B. Barrick M. (1978). A computer code for cohort analysis of increased risks of death (CAIRD). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation Programs. Tech. Report 520/4-78-012.

Costanza M. Dayal Y. Binder S. Nathanson L. (1974). Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: review, report of a case, and chemotherapy. Cancer 34, 230–235.

Court-Brown W. Doll R. (1958). Expectation of life and mortality from cancer among British radiologists. Brit. Med. J. 2, 181–187.

Cragle D. L. McLain R. Qualters J. Hickey J. Wilkinson G. Tankersley W. Lushbaugh C. (1988). Mortality among workers at a nuclear fuels production facility. Am. J. Ind. Med. 14, 370–401.

Daniel R. K. Williams H. B. (1973). The free transfer of skin flaps by microvascular anastomoses. An experimental study and a reappraisal. Plast. Reconstruct. Surg. 52, 16–31.

Darby S. Doll R. Gill S. Smith P. (1987). Long term mortality after a single treatment course with x-rays in patients treated for ankylosing spondylitis. Brit. J. Cancer 55, 179–190.

Darley P. J. Charles M. W. Harte C. D. Wells J. Coleby M. S. E. (1991). Dosimetry of planar and punctiform beta sources using automated extrapolation chamber and radiochromic dye films. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 39, 61–66.

Davis F. Boice J. Kelsey J. Monson R. (1987). Cancer mortality after multiple fluoroscopic examinations of the chest. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78, 645–652.

Dean P. N. Langham W. H. (1969). Tumorigenicity of small highly radioactive particles. Health Phys. 16, 79–84.

Dean P. N. Langham W. H. Holland L. M. (1970). Skin response to a point source of fissioned uranium-235 carbide. Health Phys. 19, 3–7.

Delarue N. Gale G. Ronald A. (1975). Multiple fluoroscopy of the chest. Carcinogenicity for the female breast and implications for breast cancer screening programs. Can. Med. Assoc. 112, 1405–1410.

Dunn J. Levin E. Linden G. Harzfeld L. (1965). Skin cancer as a cause of death. Calif. Med. 102, 361–363.

Dutreix J. Tubiana M. Wambersie A. Malaise E. (1971). The influence of cell proliferation in tumours and normal tissues during fractionated radiotherapy. Eur. J. Cancer 7, 205–213.

Ellis F. (1942). Tolerance of skin in radiotherapy with 200 kV X rays. Brit. J. Radiol. 15, 348–350.

Epstein W. Maibach H. (1965). Cell renewal in human epidermis. Arch. Dermatol. 92, 462–468.

Epstein E. Epstein N. Bragg K. Linden G. (1968). Metastases from squamous cellcarcinomas of the skin. Arch. Dermatol. 97, 245–249.

Fears T. Scotto J. (1982). Changes in skin cancer morbidity between 1971–72 and 1977–78. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 69, 365–370.

Field S. B. Morgan R. L. Morrison R. (1976). The response of human skin to irradiation with X-rays or fast neutrons. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1, 481–486.

Fisher L. B. (1968). The diurnal mitotic rhythm in human epidermis. Brit. J. Dermatol. 80, 75–80.

Fisher M. S. Kripke M. L. (1982). Suppressor T lymphocytes control the development of primary skin cancers in ultraviolet-irradiated mice. Science 216, 1133–1134.

Fleischmajer R. Perlish J. S. (1977). ³H-thymidine labelling of dermal endothelial cells in scleroderma. J. Invest. Dermatol. 69, 379–382.

Fleming I. Barnawell J. Burlison P. Rankin J. (1975). Skin cancer in black patients. Cancer 35, 600–605.

Forbes P. D. (1969). Vascular supply of the skin and hair in swine. In: Advances in Biology of Skin. Vol. IX, pp. 419–432 ( Montagna W. Dobson R. , eds). Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Forbes P. D. Mikhail S. Z. (1969). Acute lesions in skin produced by radioactive microspheres. Manuscript. Radiat. Res. 39, 493 (Abstract).

Forbes P. D. Mikhail S. Z. (1970). Acute lesions in skin produced by radioactive microspheres. US Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, Contract SPPN-49.

Fowler J. F. Morgan R. L. Silvester J. A. Bewley D. K. Turner B. A. (1963). Experiments with fractionated X ray treatment of the skin of pigs I. Fractionation up to 28 days. Brit. J. Radiol. 36, 188–196.

Fowler J. F. Bewley D. K. Morgan R. L. Silvester J. A. (1965). Experiments with fractionated X-irradiation of the skin of pigs II. Fractionation up to five days. Brit. J. Radiol. 38, 278–284.

Freedlander E. Chung F. (1983). Squamous cell carcinoma of the pinna. Brit. J. Plast. Surg. 36, 171–175.

Freedman R. S. Hyman C. Levan N. E. Wong W. H. (1968). The differential clearance of sodium iodide and iodoantipyrene from the skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 51, 491–493.

Frentz G. (1989). Grenz ray-induced nonmelanoma skin cancer. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 21, 475–478.

Frieben A. (1902). Demonstration eines Cancroids des rechten Handrückens, das sich nach Iangdaucrnder Einwirkung von Röntgenstrahlen entwickelt hat. Fortschr. Röentgenstr. 6, 106–111.

Fry R. J. M. Storer J. B. Burns F. J. (1986). Radiation induction of cancer of the skin. In: Radiation Damage to the Skin. Brit. J. Radiol. 59 (Suppl. 19), 58–60.

Fry R. J. M. (1990). Radiation protection guidelines for the skin. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 57, 829–839.

Garte S. J. Burns F. J. Ashhenazi-Kimmel T. Felber M. Sawey M. J. (1990). Amplification of the c-myc oncogene during progression of radiation-induced rat skin tumors. Cancer Res. 50, 3073–3077.

Geary J. R. (1952). Effects of roentgen rays during various phases of the hair cycle of the albino rat. Am. J. Anat. 91, 51–106.

Gelfant S. (1982). On the existence of non-cycling germinative cells in human epidermis in vivo and cell cycle aspects of psoriasis. Cell Tissue Kinet. 15, 393–397.

Gelfant S. Ozawa A. Chaler D. K. Smith G. (1982). Circadian rhythms and differences in epidermal and dermal cell proliferation in uninvolved and involved psoriatic skin ‘in-vivo’. J. Invest. Dermatol. 78, 58–62.

George L. A. Bustad L. K. (1966). Comparative effects of beta irradiation of swine, sheep and rabbit skin. In: Swine in Biomedical Research, pp. 491–500 ( Bustad L. K. McClellan R. O. , eds), Battelle Memorial Institute, Richland, Washington.

Gilbert E. Petersen G. Buchanan J. (1989). Mortality of workers at the Hanford site: 1945–1981. Health Phys. 56, 11–25.

Giles G. Marks R. Foley P. (1988). Incidence of non-melanocytic skin cancer treated in Australia. Brit. Med. J. 296, 13–17.

Glass A. G. Hoover R. N. (1989). The emerging epidemic of melanoma and squamous cell skin cancer. JAMA 262 (15), 2097–2100.

Glasser O. Quimby E. Taylor L. Weatherwax J. (1944). Physical Foundations of Radiology. P. B. Hoeber, New York.

Glücksman A. (1963). Carcinogenesis. In: Cellular Basis and Aetiology of Late Somatic Effects of Ionizing Radiation, pp. 121–129 ( Harris R. J. C. , ed.). Academic Press, London.

Goetz R. H. (1949). The diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases with special consideration of clinical plethysmography and surgical physiology of the autonomic nervous system. Brit. J. Surg. 37, 146.

Gordon D. Silverstone H. (1976). Worldwide epidemiology of premalignant and malignant cutaneous lesions. In: Cancer of the Skin: Biology-Diagnosis-Management, Vol. I, pp. 405–434 ( Andrade R. Gumport S. Popkin G. Rees T. , eds). Saunders, Philadelphia.

Gorlin R. (1987). Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome. Medicine 66, 98–113.

Griem M. L. Malkinson F. D. (1967). Some effects of radiation and radiation modifiers on growing hair. Radiat. Res. 30, 431–443.

Grier W. (1976). Squamous cell carcinoma of the body and extremities. In: Cancer of the Skin, Biology-Diagnosis-Management, Vol. I, pp. 916–932 ( Andrade R. Gumport S. Popkin G. Rees T. , eds). Saunders, Philadelphia.

Grigg E. R. N. (1965). The Trail of the Invisible Light. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.

Hadjimichael O. Ostfeld A. D'Atri D. Brubaker R. (1983). Mortality and cancer incidence experience of employees in a nuclear fuels fabrication plant. J. Occup. Med. 25, 48–61.

Halprin K. M. Comerford M. Taylor J. (1982). Cancer in patients with psoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 7, 633–638.

Ham A. W. (1952). Some histophysiological problems peculiar to calcified tissues. J. Bone Joint Surg. 34, 701–728.

Hamlet R. Hopewell J. W. (1988). A quantitative assessment of changes in the dermal fibroblast population of pig skin after single doses of X-rays. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 54, 675–682.

Hamlet R. Heryet J. C. Hopewell J. W. Wells J. Charles M. W. (1986). Late changes in pig skin after irradiation from beta-emitting sources of different energy. In: Radiation Damage to the Skin. Brit. J. Radiol. (Suppl. 19), 51–54.

Haniszko J. Suskind R. R. (1963). The effect of ultraviolet radiation on experimental sensitisation in guinea pigs. J. Invest. Dermatol. 40, 183–191.

Hansen P. B. Jensen M. (1968). Late results following radiotherapy of skin cancer. Acta Radiol. (Stockholm) 7, 307–319.

Harley N. H. Kolber A. B. Shore R. E. Albert R. E. Altman S. M. Pasternack B. S. (1983). The skin dose and response for the head and neck in patients irradiated with x-ray for tinea capitis: Implications for environmental radioactivity. In: Epidemiology Applied to Health Physics, Proceedings of 16th Midyear Topical Meeting of the Health Physics Society, Albuquerque, NM, CONF-830101, pp. 125–142.

Hay J. Duncan W. Kerr G. (1984). Subsequent malignancies in patients irradiated for testicular tumours. Brit. J. Radiol. 57, 597–602.

Heenen M. Galand P. (1971). Cell population kinetics in human epidermis: in vivo autoradiographic study by double labelling method. J. Invest. Dermatol. 56, 425–429.

Heimbach R. Burns F. J. Albert R. E. (1969). An evaluation by alpha particle Bragg peak radiation of the critical depth in the rat skin for tumor induction. Radiat. Res. 39, 332–344.

Henseler T. Christophers E. Hönigsmann H. Wolff K. (1987). Skin tumors in the European PUVA study. Eight-year follow-up of 1,643 patients treated with PUVA for psoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 16, 108–116.

Henshaw P. S. Snider R. S. Riley E. F. (1949). Aberrant tissue developments of rats exposed to beta-rays: late effects of ³²P beta-rays. Radiology 52, 401–415.

Hesse O. (1911). Das Rontgenkarzinom. Fortsch. Röentgenstr. 17, 82.

Higginson J. Oettle A. (1960). Cancer incidence in the Bantu and “Cape Colored” races of South Africa: Report of a cancer survey in the Transvaal (1953–55). J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 24, 589–671.

Hildreth N. Shore R. (1988). Personal communication (University of Rochester, Rochester, New York).

Hildreth N. Shore R. Hempelmann L. Rosenstein M. (1985). Risk of extrathyroid tumors following radiation treatment in infancy for thymic enlargement. Radiat. Res. 102, 378–391.

Hobson B. Denekamp J. (1984). Endothelial proliferation in tumours and normal tissues. Continuous labelling studies. Brit. J. Cancer 49, 405–413.

Holbrook K. A. Odland G. F. (1974). Regional differences in the thickness (cell layers) of the human stratum corneum; an ultrastructural analysis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 62, 415–422.

Hönigsmann H. Wolff K. Gschnait F. Brenner W. Jaschke E. (1980). Keratoses and nonmelanoma skin tumors in long-term photochemotherapy (PUVA). J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 3, 406–414.

Hopewell J. W. (1983). Radiation effects on vascular tissue. In: Cytotoxic Insult to Tissue: Effects on Cell Lineages, pp. 228–257 ( Potten C. S. Hendry J. H. , eds). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

Hopewell J. W. (1986). Mechanisms of the actions of radiation on skin and underlying tissues. In: Radiation Damage to the Skin. Brit. J. Radiol. (Suppl. 19), 39–51.

Hopewell J. W. (1989). Personal communication (Churchill Hospital, Oxford).

Hopewell J. W. (1990). The skin: its structure and response to ionising radiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 57, 751–773.

Hopewell J. W. (1991). Biological effects of irradiation on skin and recommended dose limits. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 39, 11–24.

Hopewell J. W. van den Aardweg G. J. M. J. (1988). Radiobiological studies with pig skin. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 14, 1047–1050.

Hopewell J. W. Young C. M. A. (1982). The effects of field size on the reaction of pig skin to single doses of X rays. Brit. J. Radiol. 55, 356–361.

Hopewell J. W. Foster J. L. Gunn Y. Moustafa W. F. Patterson T. J. S. Wiernik G. Young C. M. A. (1978). Role of vascular damage in the development of late radiation effects in pig skin. In: Biological Late Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Proc. of a Symposium, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Vol. 1, pp. 483–492.

Hopewell J. W. Foster J. L. Young C. M. A. Wiernik G. (1979). Late radiation damage to pig skin: effects of overall treatment time and fraction number. Radiology 130, 783–788.

Hopewell J. W. Coggle J. E. Wells J. Hamlet R. Williams J. P. Charles M. W. (1986). The acute effects of different energy beta-emitters on pig and mouse skin. In: Radiation Damage to the Skin. Brit. J. Radiol. (Suppl. 19), 47–51.

Hopewell J. W. Calvo W. Campling D. Lauk S. Reinhold H. S. Reyners H. Rezvani M. Yeung T. K. (1987). The role of the vasculature in normal tissue responses. In: Radiation Research Proceedings 8th Int. Congress Radiation Research, pp. 789–794 ( Fielden E. M. Fowler J. F. Hendry J. H. Scott D. , eds). Taylor & Francis, London.

Hopewell J. W. Barnes D. W. H. Robbins M. E. C. Sansom J. M. Knowles J. F. van den Aardweg G. J. M. J. (1988). The relative biological effectiveness of fractionated doses of fast neutrons (42 MeV_d-Be) for normal tissues in the pig. I. Effects on the epidermis and dermal vascular connective tissue. Brit. J. Radiol. 61, 928–938.

Hopewell J. W. Calvo W. Reinhold H. S. (1989). Radiation damage to late-reacting normal tissues. In: Radiobiological Basis of Radiotherapy, pp. 101–113 ( Steel G. G. Adams G. E. Horwich A. , eds). Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Hornung R. Meinhardt T. (1987). Quantitative risk assessment of lung cancer in U.S. uranium miners. Health Phys. 52, 417–430.

Hornung R. Roscoe R. (1988). Personal communication (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati).

Howe G. (1984). Epidemiology of radiogenic breast cancer. In: Radiation Carcinogenesis: Epidemiology and Biologic Significance, pp. 119–129 ( Boice J. Fraumeni J. F. Jr. , eds). Raven Press, New York.

Howe G. (1988). Personal communication (National Cancer Institute of Canada, Toronto).

Hoxtell E. Mandel J. Murray S. Schuman L. Goltz R. (1977). Incidence of skin carcinoma after renal transplantation. Arch. Dermatol. 113, 436–438.

Hrubec Z. Boice J. Monson R. Rosenstein M. (1989). Breast cancer after multiple chest fluoroscopies: Second follow-up of Massachusetts women with tuberculosis. Cancer Res. 49, 229–234.

Hulse E. V. (1967). Incidence and pathogenesis of skin tumours in mice irradiated with single external doses of low energy β particles. Brit. J. Cancer 21, 531–547.

Hulse E. V. (1980). Tumour incidence and longevity in neutron and gamma irradiated rabbits, with an assessment of RBE. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 37, 633–652.

Hulse E. V. Mole R. H. (1969). Skin tumour incidence in CBA mice given fractionated exposure to low-energy β particles. Brit. J. Cancer 23, 452–463.

Hulse E. V. Mole R. H. Papworth D. G. (1968). Radiosensitivity of cells from which radiation-induced skin tumours are derived. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 14, 437–444.

Hulse E. V. Lewkowicz S. J. Batchelor A. L. Papworth D. G. (1983). Incidence of radiation induced skin tumors in mice and variations with dose rate. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 44, 197–206.

Hume W. J. Potten C. S. (1979). Advances in epithelial kinetics—an oral view. J. Oral Pathol. 8, 3–22.

Hurley W. J. Shelley W. B. (1960). The Human Apocrine Sweat Gland in Health and Disease. Thorn, Springfield, IL.

Hussein M. A. F. (1973). Hair follicle patterns and connective fiber orientations in normal and wounded mammalian skin. D. Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.

ICRP (1928). Recommendations of the Second International Congress of Radiology. Brit. J. Radiol. 1, 359–363.

ICRP (1931). Recommendations of the International X-ray and Radium Protection Commission. Brit. J. Radiol. 4, 485–487.

ICRP (1934). International Recommendations for X-ray and Radium Protection. Brit. J. Radiol. 7, 695–699.

ICRP (1954). Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (revised December 1, 1954). Brit. J. Radiol. (Suppl. 6).

ICRP (1959). Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Pergamon Press, London.

ICRP (1964). Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 6. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

ICRP (1966). Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 9. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

ICRP (1969). Radiosensitivity and Spatial Distribution of Dose, ICRP Publication 14. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

ICRP (1977a). Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 26. Annals of the ICRP 1(3). Pergamon Press, Oxford.

ICRP (1978). Statement from the 1978 Stockholm Meeting of the ICRP, ICRP Publication 28. Annals of the ICRP 2(1). Pergamon Press, Oxford.

ICRP (1984). Nonstochastic Effects of Ionising Radiation, ICRP Publication 41. Annals of the ICRP 14(3). Pergamon Press, Oxford.

ICRP (1990). Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60. Annals of the ICRP 20(4). Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Isaacson C. (1979). Cancer of the skin in urban blacks of South Africa. Brit. J. Dermatol. 100, 347–350.

Jaffe D. R. Bowden G. T. (1986). Ionizing radiation as a initiator in the mouse two-stage model of skin tumor formation. Radiat. Res. 106, 156–165.

Jaffe D. R. Bowden G. T. (1987). Ionizing radiation as an initiator: effects of proliferation and promotion time on tumor incidence in mice. Cancer Res. 47, 6692–6696.

Jaffe D. R. Williamson J. F. Bowden G. T. (1987). Ionizing radiation enhances malignant progression of mouse skin tumors. Carcinogenesis 8, 1753–1755.

Johnson R. E. Ackerman L. V. (1950). Epidermoid carcinoma of the hand. Cancer 3, 657–666.

Johnson M. Land C. Gregory P. Taura T. Milton R. (1969). Effects of ionising radiation on the skin, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, Technical Report No. 20–69.

Joiner M. Field S. B. (1988). The response of mouse skin to irradiation with neutrons from 60 MeV cyclotron at Clatterbridge, U.K. Radiother. Oncol. 12, 153–166.

Jolles B. Harrison R. G. (1965). Proteases and the depletion and restoration of skin responsiveness to radiation. Nature 205, 920–921.

Jolles B. (1972). Colorimetric study of radiation induced inflammatory changes in skin. In: Methods in Microcirculation Studies, pp. 28–34 ( Ryan T. J. Jolles B. Holti G. , eds). H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd., London.

Jones D. C. Castanera T. J. Kimeldorf D. J. (1968). Radiation induction of skin neoplasms in the male rat. J. Invest. Dermatol. 50, 27–35.

Jurnovoy J. B. Forbes P. D. Johnson W. C. (1975). Tritiated thymidine uptake in pig skin. Dermatologica 150, 92–95.

Kaku H. Igarashi Y. Fujita S. (1964). Cytokinetic analysis of the human skin in vivo in normal and pathological conditions: a ³H-thymidine autoradiographic study. Arch. Histol. Jpn 24, 457–470.

Kaplan H. S. (1964). The role of radiation on experimental leukemogenesis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 14, 209–220.

Katz A. Urbach F. Lilienfeld A. (1957). The frequency and risk of metastases in squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin. Cancer 10, 1162–1166.

Katz S. I. Tamaki K. Sachs D. H. (1979). Epidermal Langerhans cells are derived from cells originating in the bone marrow. Nature 282, 324–326.

Kinlen L. (1982). Immunologic factors. In: Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, pp. 494–505 ( Schottenfeld D. Fraumeni J. F. Jr. , eds). Saunders, Philadelphia.

Kocher D. C. Eckerman K. F. (1988). On inclusion of the dose to skin in the effective dose equivalent. Health Phys. 55, 813–815.

Konishi K. Yashizawa Y. (1985). Estimation of depth of basal cell layer of skin for radiation protection. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 11, 29–33.

Kopf A. (1979). Computer analysis of 3531 basal-cell carcinomas of the skin. J. Dermatol. 6, 267–281.

Kripke M. L. (1981). Immunologic mechanisms in UV radiation carcinogenesis. Adv. Cancer Res. 34, 69–106.

Kumatori T. Ishihara T. Hirashima K. Sugiyama H. Ishii S. Miyoshi K. (1980). Follow-up studies over a 25–year period on the Japanese fishermen exposed to radioactive fallout in 1954. In: The Medical Basis for Radiation Accident Preparedness, pp. 33–54 ( Hubner K. F. Fry S. A. , eds). Elsevier, North Holland, Amsterdam.

Langerhans P. (1868). Uber die Nerven der menschlichen Haut. Virchows Arch. Pathol. Anat. 44, 325–337.

Lavker R. M. Sun T. T. (1983). Epidermal stem cells. J. Invest. Dermatol. 81, 121–127.

Laylee A. (1963). Anatomy and physiology of the skin. In: Radiation and Skin ( Wray E. T. , ed.). Symposium Proceedings, Atomic Energy Establishment, Winfrith.; UKAEA Report AHSB(RP)R39.

Levin S. Perlov S. (1971). Ataxia-telangiectasia in Israel, with observations on its relationship to malignant disease. Israel J. Med. Sci. 7, 1535–1541.

Lewis T. (1927). The Blood Vessels of the Human Skin and their Responses. Shaw and Sons Ltd, London.

Ley R. D. Applegate L. A. Fry R. J. M. (1992). Photoreactivition of ultraviolet radiation-induced skin and eye tumors of Monodelphis domestica. Cancer Res. 51, 6539–6542.

Lindelof B. Eklund G. (1986). Incidence of malignant skin tumors in 14,140 patients after Grenz-ray treatment for benign skin disorders. Arch. Dermatol. 122, 1391–1395.

Little M. P. Hawkins M. M. Shore R. E. Charles M. W. Hildreth N. G. (1991). Time variations in the risk of cancer following irradiation in childhood. Radiat. Res. 126, 304–316.

Loe H. Karring T. Hasa K. (1972). The site of mitotic activity in rat and human oral epithelium. Scand. J. Dent. Res. 86, 111–119.

Los Alamos Laboratory Report (1965). Some biological aspects of radioactive microspheres. Report LA-3365-MS.

Luger T. A. Stadler B. M. Katz S. I. Oppenheim J. J. (1981). Epidermal cell (keratinocyte)-derived thymocyte activating factor (ETAF). J. Immunol. 127, 1493–1498.

Luger T. A. Stadler B. M. Luger B. A. Mathieson B. J. Mage M. Schmidt J. A. Oppenheim J. J. (1982). Murine epidermal cell derived thymocyte activating factor resembles murine interleukein-1. J. Immunol. 128, 2147–2152.

Lund H. (1965). How often does squamous cell carcinoma of the skin metastasize? Arch. Dermatol. 92, 635–637.

Lynch J. Blocker T. (1977). Thermal burns. In: Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Vol. I, pp. 464–515 ( Converse J. M. , ed.). Saunders, Philadelphia.

Macdonald E. (1967). Some epidemiologic factors of skin cancer. J. Am. Med. Women Assoc. 22, 235–240.

MacKenzie I. C. (1975). Ordered structure of the epidermis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 65, 45–51.

MacKenzie I. C. Zimmerman K. Peterson L. (1981). The pattern of cellular organisation of human epidermis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 76, 459–461.

Madison J. (1980). Basal cell epitheliomas after repeated fluoroscopic examinations of the chest. Arch. Dermatol. 116, 323–324.

Martin H. Strong E. Spiro R. (1970). Radiation-induced skin cancer of the head and neck. Cancer 25, 61–71.

Matanoski G. Seltser P. Sartwell P. Diamond E. Elliott E. (1975). The current mortality rates of radiologists and other physician specialists: Specific causes of death. Am. J. Epidemiol. 101, 199–210.

Maxon H. Saenger E. Thomas S. Buncher C. Kereiakes J. Shafer M. McLaughlin C. (1980). Clinically important radiation-associated thyroid disease. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 244, 1802–1805.

McGregor J. F. (1979). Association of malignancy with rapid growth in early lesion, induced by irradiation of rat skin. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62, 1043–1048.

Meadows A. D'Angio G. Mike V. Banfi A. Harris C. Jenkin R. Schwartz A. (1977). Patterns of second malignant neoplasms in children. Cancer 40, 1903–1911.

Meara R. (1968). Epitheliomata after radiotherapy of the spine. Brit. J. Dermatol. 80, 620.

Medical Research Council. (1972). Radiobiology form on radiological protection and the skin. Brit. J. Radiat. 45, 610–620.

Milton S. H. (1967). The survival of experimental pedicle skin flaps. D. Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.

Mitchel R. E. J. Gragtmans N. J. Morrison D. P. (1990). Beta-radiation-induced resistance to MNNG initiation of papilloma but not carcinoma formation in mouse skin. Radiat. Res. 121, 180–186.

Moller R. Reymann F. Hou-Jensen K. (1979). Metastases in dermatological patients with squamous cell carcinoma. Arch. Dermatol. 115, 703–705.

Montagna W. Yun J. S. (1964). The skin of the domestic pig. J. Invest. Dermatol. 43, 11–21.

Moore D. (1988). Personal communication (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory).

Mora R. Burris R. (1981). Cancer of the skin in blacks: a review of 128 patients with basal-cell carcinoma. Cancer 41, 1436–1438.

Morgan J. Holcomb T. Morrissey R. (1968). Radiation reaction in ataxia telangiectasia. Am. J. Dis. Child. 116, 557–558.

Morgan R. (1984). Metastases from squamous cell epitheliomas of the skin. In: Controversies in Dermatology, pp. 134–137 ( Epstein E. , ed.). Saunders, Philadelphia.

Moritz A. R. Henrique F. C. Jr. (1947). Studies of thermal injury II. The relative importance of time surface temperature in causation of cutaneous burns. Am. J. Pathol. 23, 695–720.

Moritz A. R. Henrique F. W. Jr. (1952). Effect of beta rays on the skin as a function of the energy, intensity and duration of radiation, II. Animal experiments. Lab. Invest. 1, 167–185.

Morris G. M. (1987). Epidermal cell kinetics in normal and X-irradiated pig skin. Ph.D. Thesis. University of London.

Morris G. M. Hopewell J. W. (1985). Pig epidermis: a cell kinetic study. Cell Tissue Kinet. 18, 407–415.

Morris G. M. Hopewell J. W. (1986). Changes in the cell kinetics of pig epidermis after repeated daily doses of X-rays. Brit. J. Radiol. (Suppl.) 19, 34–38.

Morris G. M. Hopewell J. W. (1987). The cell kinetics of pig epidermis: Further studies. Cell Tissue Kinet. 20, 161–169.

Morris G. M. Hopewell J. W. (1988). Changes in the cell kinetics of pig epidermis after single doses of X-rays. Brit. J. Radiol. 61, 205–211.

Morris G. M. Hopewell J. W. (1989). Cell kinetic changes in the follicular epithelium of pig skin after irradiation with single and fractionated doses of X rays. Brit. J. Radiol. 62, 41–47.

Morris G. M. Rezvani M. Hopewell J. W. Franke H. Loeffler M. (1987). Epidermal cell kinetics in pig skin. Epithelia 1, 231–242.

Moustafa H. F. Hopewell J. W. (1979). Blood flow clearance in pig skin after irradiation with single doses of X rays. Brit. J. Radiol. 52, 138–144.

NAS (1972). The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.

NAS (1980). The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: 1980. National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council, Washington, DC.

NAS (1988). Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited Alpha-Emitters. BEIR IV National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 602 pp.

National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Statistics of the United States, 1983. Vol. II—Mortality, Part A Section 6, Life tables. 1987; DHHS Pub. NO. (PHS) 87-1101. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington.

National Center for Health Statistics. U.S. Decennial Life Tables for 1979–81, Vol. 1, No. 1. 1985; US Dept Health Human Services, DHHS Publ. No. (PHS) 85-1150-1.

NCRP (1989). Limits for Exposure to 'Hot Particles'on the Skin. NCRP Report No. 106, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD.

Nixon R. Dorevitch A. Marks R. (1986). Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: Accuracy of clinical diagnosis and outcome of follow-up in Australia. Med. J. Austral. 144, 235–239.

Noonan F. P. De Fabo E. C. Kripke M. L. (1981). Suppression of contact hypersensitivity by UV radiation and its relationship to UV-induced suppression of tumor immunity. Photochem. Photobiol. 34, 683–689.

Nordlund J. J. (1987). Hypopigmentation, vitiligo, and melanoma. New data, more enigmas. Arch. Dermatol. 123, 1005–1008.

Nordlund J. J. Lerner A. (1979). Vitiligo. It is important. Arch. Dermatol. 118, 5–8.

O'Beirn S. Judge P. Urbach F. MacCon C. Martin F. (1970). Skin cancer in County Galway, Ireland. Proc. Natl. Cancer Conf. 6, 489–500.

Oettle A. (1963). Skin cancer in Africa. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 10, 197–214.

Ootsuyama A. Tanooka H. (1988). One hundred percent tumor induction in mouse skin after irradiation in a limited dose range. Radiat. Res. 115, 488–494.

Ootsuyama A. Tanooka H. (1991). Threshold-like dose of local beta irradiation repeated throughout life of mice for induction of skin and bone tumors. Radiat. Res. 125, 98–101.

Ordman L. J. Gillman T. (1966). Studies in the healing of cutaneous wounds 1. The healing of incisions through the skin. Arch. Surg. 93, 857–882.

Osanov D. P. (1983). Dosimetry and radiation biophysics of skin (in Russian). Energoatomizdat p. 152.

Osanov D. P. Panova V. P. Shaks A. I. (1985). Multilayer detector for measuring the dose absorbed in the skin. Prib. Tekh. Enskp., May/June, Part 3, 86–89.

Osanov D. P. Rakova V. A. Klykov O. V. Filatov V. V. (1976). Influence of the depth distribution of basal cells on their survival in the irradiation of skin with beta particles with various energies. Radiobiologica 16, 59–63.

Pack G. Davis J. (1965). Radiation cancer of the skin. Radiology 84, 436–442.

Papworth D. G. Hulse E. V. (1983). Dose-response models for the radiation-induction of skin tumours in mice. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 44, 423–431.

Parrish J.A. (ed.) (1983). The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Immune System: The Proceedings of a Scientific Roundtable. Johnson and Johnson Co., ISBN 0-931562-011-0.

Paterson R. (1948). The Treatment of Malignant Disease by Radium and X-Rays. Edward Arnold, London.

Paver K. Poyzer K. Burry N. Deukin M. (1973). The incidence of basal cell carcinoma and their metastases in Australia and New Zealand. Austral. J. Dermatol. 14, 53.

Peel D. M. Hopewell J. W. Wells J. Charles M. W. (1984). Non-stochastic effects of different energy beta-emitters on pig skin. Radiat. Res. 99, 372–382.

Penneys N. S. Fulton J. E. Weinstein G. S. Frost P. (1970). Location of proliferating cells in human epidermis. Arch. Dermatol. 101, 323–329.

Pochi P. E. Strauss J. S. Downing D. T. (1979). Age related changes in sebaceous gland activity. J. Invest. Dermatol. 73, 108–111.

Polednak A. P. Frome E. (1981). Mortality among men employed between 1943 and 1947 at a uranium-processing plant. J. Occup. Med. 23, 169–178.

Potten C. S. (1968) Radiation depigmentation of mouse hair: a study of follicular melanocyte population. Cell Tissue Kinet. 1, 237–254.

Potten C. S. (1975a). Epidermal transit time. Brit. J. Dermatol. 93, 649–658.

Potten C. S. (1975b). Epidermal cell production ratio. J. Invest. Dermatol. 65, 488–506.

Potten C. S. (1976). Identification of clonogenic cells in the epidermis and the structural arrangement of the epidermal proliferation unit. In: Stem Cells in Renewing Cell Populations, pp. 91–102 ( Cairnie A. B. Lala P. K. Osmond D. G. , eds), Academic Press, New York.

Potten C. S. (1985a). Radiation and Skin. Taylor & Francis, London.

Potten C. S. (1985b). Cell death (apoptosis) in hair follicles and the consequent changes in the width of hairs after irradiation of growing follicles. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 48, 349–360.

Potten C. S. (1987). Possible defects in the proliferative organisation and control mechanisms in psoriasis. In: Psoriasis, Proc. 4th Int. Symposium, pp. 15–35 ( Farber E. M. Nall L. Morhenn V. Jacobs P. H. , eds). Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Potten C. S. Al-Barwari S. E. (1985). Micro-colonies in mouse epidermis. In: Cell Clones, pp. 81–86 ( Potten C. S. Hendry J. H. , eds). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

Potten C. S. Hendry J. H. Al-Barwari S. E. (1983). A cellular analysis of radiation injury in epidermis. In: Cytotoxic Insult to Tissue: Effects on Cell Lineages, pp. 153–183 ( Potten C. S. Hendry J. H. , eds). Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

Potten C. S. Wichmann H. E. Dobek K. Birch J. Codd T. M. Horrocks L. Pedrick M. Tickle S. P. (1985). Cell kinetic studies in the epidermis of mouse III. The percentage labelled mitosis (PLM) technique. Cell Tissue Kinet. 18, 57–70.

Quisenberry W. (1963). Ethnic differences in skin cancer in Hawaii. In: International Conference on Biology of Cutaneous Cancer ( Urbach F. , ed.). NCI Monogr. 10, 181–189.

Rayner C. Towers J. Wilson J. (1976). What is Gorlin's Syndrome? The diagnosis and management of the basal cell naevus syndrome, based on a study of thirty-seven patients. Brit. J. Plastic Surg. 30, 62–67.

Recommendations of the 2nd International Congress of Radiology (1928). Brit. J. Radiol. 1, 359.

Recommendations of the International X-ray and Radium Protection Commission (1931). Brit. J. Radiol. 4, 485.

Reinhold H. S. Fajardo L. F. Hopewell J. W. (1990). The vascular system. In: Relative Radiosensitivity of Human Organ Systems, Part II, Vol. 14, Adv. Radiat. Biol., pp. 177–225 ( Lett J. T. Altman K. I. , eds). Academic Press, Orlando.

Rezvani M. Hamlet R. Hopewell J. W. Sieber V. K. (1988). Personal communication (Churchill Hospital, Oxford).

Ron E. Modan B. (1980). Benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms after childhood irradiation for tinea capitis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 65, 7–11.

Ron E. Modan B. (1984). Thyroid and other neoplasms following childhood scalp irradiation. In: Radiation Carcinogenesis: Epidemiology and Biological Significance, pp. 139–151 ( Boice J. D. Jr. Fraumeni J. F. Jr. , eds). Raven Press: New York.

Ron E. Modan B. Boice J. (1988). Mortality after radiotherapy for ringworm of the scalp. Am. J. Epidemiol. 127, 713–725.

Ron E. Modan B. Preston D. Alfandary E. Stovall M. Boice J. (1990). Radiation-induced skin carcinomas of the head and neck. Radiat. Res. 125, 312–325.

Rose E. H. Vistness L. M. Kasander G. A. (1977). The panniculus carnosus in the domestic pig. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 59, 94–97.

Rowell N. R. (1973). A follow-up study of superficial radiotherapy for benign dermatoses: recommendations for the use of X-rays in dermatology. Brit. J. Radiol. 88, 583–590.

Ryan T. J. Kurban A. K. (1970). New vessel growth in the adult skin. Brit. J. Dermatol. 82 (Suppl. 5), 92–98.

Sadamori N. Mine M. Hori M. (1989). Skin cancer among atom bomb survivors. Lancet 1, 1267.

Sadamori N. Honda T. Mine M. Yoshida K. Fujiwara N. Sadamori M. Hori M. Yoshida H. Ichimaru M. (1988). Epidemiologic study of skin cancer in atomic bomb survivors in Nagasaki, 1955–1984. RERF Technical Report (Submitted).

Samet J. (1988). Personal communication (University of New Mexico, Albuquerque).

Samet J. Kutvirt D. Waxweiler R. Key C. (1984). Uranium mining and lung cancer in Navajo men. New Eng. J. Med. 310, 1481–1484.

Sarkany I. Fountain R. Evans C. Morrison R. Szur L. (1968). Multiple basal-cell epitheliomata following radiotherapy of the spine. Brit. J. Dermatol. 80, 90–96.

Sauder D. N. Carter C. S. Katz S. I. Oppenheim J. J. (1982). Epidermal cell production of a thymocyte activating factor (ETAF). J. Invest. Dermatol. 79, 34–39.

Sawey M. J. Hood A. T. Burns F. J. Garte S. J. (1987). Activation of myc and ras oncogenes in primary rat tumors induced by ionising radiation. Molec. Cell Biol. 7, 932–935.

Schell H. Rosenberger H. Hornstein O. P. Wanra E. (1977). Autoradiographic in vitro studies on diurnal variations in human epidermal cell proliferation. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 157, 267–272.

Schell H. Hornstein O. P. Schwartz W. (1980). Human epidermal cell proliferation with regard to circadian variation of plasma cortisol. Dermatologica 161, 12–21.

Schneider A. Shore-Freedman E. Ryo U. Bekerman C. Favus M. Pinsky S. (1985). Radiation-induced tumors of the head and neck following childhood irradiation. Medicine 64, 1–15.

Schneider A. Shore-Freedman E. Weinstein R. (1986). Radiation-induced thyroid and other head and neck tumors: Occurrence of multiple tumors and analysis of risk factors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 63, 107–112.

Schneider A. Shore-Freedman E. Ron E. (1988). Personal communications (Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago and U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland).

Schuler G. (ed.) (1991). Epidermal Langerhans Cells. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Scotto J. Fraumeni J. (1982). Skin (other than melanoma). In: Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, pp. 996–1011 ( Schottenfeld D. Fraumeni J. F. Jr. , eds). Saunders, Philadelphia.

Scotto J. Kopf A. Urbach F. (1974). Non-melanoma skin cancer among Caucasians in four areas of the United States. Cancer 34, 1333–1338.

Scotto J. Fears T Fraumeni J. (1983). Incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States. U.S. Dept. Health Human Services, NIH Publ. No. 83–2433, 113 pp.

Segi M. (1963). World incidence and distribution of skin cancer. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 10, 245–255.

Sejrsen P. (1967). Cutaneous blood flow in man studied by freely diffusible radioactive indicators. Scand J Clin. Lab. Invest. (Suppl. 99), 52–59.

Sevc J. (1988). Personal communication (Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Prague).

Sevcova M. Sevc J. Thomas J. (1978). Alpha irradiation of the skin and the possibility of late effects. Health Phys. 35, 803–806.

Sevcova M. Sevc J. Augustinova J. Dragon J. Kordacova J. (1984). Incidence of skin basalioma in miner and non-miner groups. Comparison of epidemiological studies. Ceskoslovenska Dermatol. 59, 1–5.

Shapiro E. M. Knox J. M. Freeman R. G. (1961). Carcinogenic effect of prolonged exposure to Grenz ray. J. Invest. Dermatol. 37, 291–298.

Shelley W. B. Juhlin L. (1976). Langerhans cells form a reticuloepithelial trap for external contact allergens. Nature 261, 46–47.

Shimizu Y. Kato H. Schull W. (1988). Life span study report 11. Part 2. Cancer mortality in the years 1950–85 based on the recently revised doses (DS86). Technical Report RERF TR 5-88, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima.

Shore R. (1988). Personal communication (New York University, New York).

Shore R. (1990). Personal communication (New York University Medical Centre, New York).

Shore R. Albert R. Reed M. Harley N. Pasternack B. (1984). Skin cancer incidence among children irradiated for ringworm of the scalp. Radiat. Res. 100, 192–204.

Shore R. Woodard E. Hildreth N. Dvoretsky P. Hempelmann L. Pasternack B. (1985). Thyroid tumors following thymus irradiation. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 74, 1177–1184.

Shore R. Hildreth N. Woodard E. Dvoretsky P. Hempelmann L. Pasternack B. (1986). Breast cancer among women given X-ray therapy for acute postpartum mastitis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 77, 689–696.

Shuster S. Chapman R. Rawlings M. (1979). Psoriasis and cancer. Brit. Med. J. 1, 941.

Sieber V. K. Hopewell J. W. (1989). Radiation-induced temporary partial epilation in the pig: A biological indicator of dose and dose distribution in the skin. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. (in press).

Sieber V. K. Wells J. Rezvani M. Hopewell J. W. (1986). Radiation-induced damage to the cells of pig hairs. A biological indicator of radiation dose and dose distribution in skin. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 16, 301–306.

Silberberg I. Baer R. L. Rosenthal S. A. (1976). The role of Langerhans cells in allergic contact hypersensitivity. A review of findings in man and guinea pigs. J. Invest. Dermatol. 66, 210–217.

Smahel J. Clodius L. (1971). The blood vessel system of free human skin grafts. Plast. Reconstruct. Surg. 47, 61–66.

Smart I. H. M. (1970). Variations in the plane of cell cleavage during the process of stratification in the mouse epidermis. Brit. J. Dermatol. 82, 276–287.

Smith P. Doll R. (1981). Mortality from cancer and all causes among British radiologists. Brit. J. Radiol. 54, 187–194.

Smith P. Paterson M. Kraemer K. (1981). In vitro radiosensitivity in a patient with dermatomyositis and cancer. Lancet 1, 216–217.

Soares C. G. Darley P. J. Charles M. W. Baum J. W. (1991). Hot particle dosimetry using extrapolation and radiochromic foils. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. (in press).

Sowby D. (1986). ICRP Recommendations for Radioprotection of the Skin: History and Present Status. Brit. J. Radiol. Suppl 19, 138–141.

Stern R. Thibodeau L. Kleinerman R. Parrish J. Fitzpatrick T. (1979). Risk of cutaneous carcinoma in patients treated with oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy for psoriasis. New Engl. J. Med. 300, 809–813.

Stern R. Laird N. Melski J. Parrish J. Fitzpatrick T. Bleich H. (1984). Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma in patients treated with PUVA. New Engl. J. Med. 310, 1156–1161.

Stern R. Lange R. and Members Photochemotherapy Follow (1988). Non-melanoma skin cancer occurring in patients treated with PUVA five to ten years after first treatment. J. Invest. Dermatol. 91, 120–124.

Stingl G. Wolff-Schreiner E. L. Pichler W. J. (1977). Epidermal Langerhans cells bear Fc and C3 receptors. Nature 258, 245–246.

Stingl G. Katz S. I. Clement I. (1978). Immunologic functions of la-bearing epidermal Langerhans. cells. J. Immunol. 121, 2005–2013.

Stingl G. Stingl L. A. Aberer W. Pehamberger H. (1983). The effects of ultraviolet radiation on Langerhans cells. In: The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Immune System, pp. 61–71 ( Parrish J. A. , ed.). Johnson and Johnson (ISBN 0-931562-09-0).

Storm H. (1988). Second primary cancer after treatment for cervical cancer. Late effects after radiotherapy. Cancer 61, 679–688.

Streilein J. W. (1983). The skin is an immune organ. In: The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Immune System, pp. 23–34 ( Parrish J. A. , ed.). Johnson and Johnson (ISBN 0-931562-09-0).

Strong L. (1977a). Genetic and environmental interactions. Cancer 40, 1861–1866.

Strong L. (1977b). Theories of pathogenesis: Mutation and cancer. In: Genetics of Human Cancer, pp. 401–415 ( Mulvihill J. Miller R. Fraumeni J. F. Jr. , eds). Raven Press, New York.

Sulzberger M. Baer R. Borota A. (1952). Do roentgen-ray treatments as given by skin specialists produce cancers or other sequelae? Arch. Dermatol. Syphilol. 65, 639–655.

Szymanski F. (1972). Keratoacanthoma. In: Dermal Pathology, pp. 625–630 ( Graham J. Helwig E. Johnson W. , eds). Harper & Row, New York.

Takahashi S. (1964). A statistical study on human cancer induced by medical irradiation. Acta Radiol. (Nippon) 23, 1510–1530.

Tan C. Y. Statham B. S. Marks R. Payne R. A. (1982). Skin thickness measurements by pulsed ultrasound: its reproducibility, validation and variability. J. Dermatol. 106, 657–667.

Tanew A. Hönigsmann H. Ortel B. Zussner C. Wolff K. (1986). Nonmelanoma skin tumors in long-term photochemotherapy treatment of psoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 15, 960–965.

Taylor L. S. (1981). The development of radiation protection standards (1925–1940). Health Phys. 41, 227–232.

Taylor L. S. (1984). The Tripartite Conferences on Radiation Protection Canada, United Kingdom, United States (1949–1953). NVO-271 (DE84016028). National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

Teta M. J. Ott M. (1988). A mortality study of a research, engineering, and metal fabrication facility in western New York state. Am. J. Epidemiol. 127, 540–551.

Toews G. B. Bergstresser P. R. Streilein J. W. (1980). Epidermal Langerhans cell density determines whether contact hypersensitivity or unresponsiveness follows skin painting with DNFB. J. Immunol. 124, 445–453.

Totten R. Antypas P. Dupertuis M. Gaisford J. White W. (1957). Pre-existing roentgen-ray dermatitis in patients with skin cancer. Cancer 10, 1024–1030.