Merit,Cost,and the Affirmative Action Policy Debate *

Ashenfelter Orley , and Heckman James . 1976. Measuring the Effects of an Antidiscrimination Program. In Evaluating the Labor-Market Effects of Social Programs, edited by Ashenfelter O. , and Blum J. . Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Baltagi Badi H. 1995. Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons.

Becker Gary S. 1971. The Economics of Discrimination. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Brimelow Peter , and Spencer Leslie . 1993. When Quotas Replace Merit, Everybody Suffers. Forbes (February 15): 80–102.

Burman George 1973. The Economics of Discrimination: The Impact of Public Policy. Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago.

Curme Michael A. , Hirsch Barry T. , and Macpherson David A. . 1990. Union Membership and Contract. Coverage in the United States, 1983–1988. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 44(October): 5–33.

Darity William Jr. 1989. What's Left of the Economic Theory of Discrimination. In The Question of Discrimination: Racial Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market, edited by Shulman S. , Darity W. Jr. Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University Press.

Darity William A. Jr. , and Mason Patrick L. . 1998. Evidence on Discrimination in Employment: Codes of Color, Codes of Gender. Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(spring): 63–90.

Goldstein Morris , and Smith Robert S. . 1976. The Estimated Impact of the Antidiscrimination Program Aimed at Federal Contractors. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 29(July): 523–543.

Griffin Peter , Getis Arthur , and Griffin Ernst . 1996. Regional Patterns of Affirmative Action Compliance Costs. The Annals of Regional Science 30: 321–340.

Hausman J.A. 1978. Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometrica 46: 69–85.

Herring Cedric , and Collins Sharon M. . 1995. Retreat from Equal Opportunity? The Case of Affirmative Action. In The Bubbling Cauldron: Race, Ethnicity, and the Urban Crisis, edited by Smith M. P. , and Feagin J. R. . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Huber P. J. 1967. The Behavior of Maximum Likelihood Estimates Under NonStandard Conditions. Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability 1: 221–233.

Leonard Jonathan S. 1984b. Employment and Occupational Advance Under Affirmative Action. The Review of Economics and Statistics 66(August): 377–385.

Reich Michael 1981. Racial Inequality: A Political-Economic Analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Shulman Steven 1996. The Political Economy of Labor Market Discrimination: A Classroom-Friendly Presentation of the Theory. The Review of Black Political Economy 24(spring): 47–64.

Smith James P. , and Welch Finis . 1984. Affirmative Action and Labor Markets. Journal of Labor Economics 2: 269–301.

Stata. 1995a. Stata Reference Manual Release 4. 3 vols. Vol. 2. College Station, Texas: Stata Press.

Thurow Lester C. 1969. Poverty and Discrimination. Washington: The Brookings Institution.

Williams Rhonda M. , and Kenison Robert E. . 1996. The Way We Were?: Discrimination, Competition, and Inter-industry Wage Differentials in 1970. Review of Radical Political Economics 28(June): 1–32.