War,Women,Song: the Tectonics of Black Business and Entrepreneurship,1939–2001

The only comprehensive historical study with extensive documentation from both primary and secondary sources on African American Business history, including the period since 1939 is, Juliet E. K. Walker, The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship. For topics in Black business history, such as the black hair products industry the black funeral industry, sports, athlete enterprises and entrepreneurs, set-asides, Nation of Islam enterprises and women business enterprises, brief biographies of entrepreneurs and an extensive black business history chronology, see Juliet E. K. Walker, Encyclopedia of African American Business History. Also see “Online Index of the Encyclopedia at http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/becites/business/afro/98044218.idx.html. For detailed biographies and brief historical assessments see John N. Ingham and Lynne B. Feldman, African American Business Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary. On black business history from a sociological perspective, see Butler John Sibley . Entrepreneurship and Self-Help among Black Americans.

Only a few specific studies on black business communities have been undertaken for the period after 1939. See David Caplovitz http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803901488/mbnglobalminorit, St Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City, The Kerner Report: The 1968 Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorder, Vishnu Oak, The Negro's Adventure in General Business, Joseph A. Pierce, Negro Business and Business Education. Additional information on black business before 1944 can be found in Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma. Also the recent study by Bessie House-Soremekun, Confronting the Odds: African American Entrepreneurship in Cleveland.

For studies that inform on specific topic in African American business history in the period from 1939 to 2001 see the following sources.

Andrews Marcellus The Political Economy of Hope and Fear: Capitalism and the Black Condition in America. New York: New York University Press.

Ballard Donna Doing It for Ourselves: Success Stories of African American Women in Business. New York: Berkley Books, 1997.

Bates Timothy M. Banking on Black Enterprise: The Potential of Emerging Firms for Revitalizing Urban Economies. Washington, D.C.: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 1993.

Bates Timothy Mason Race, Self-employment, and Upward Mobility: An Illusive American Dream. Washington, D.C and Baltimore: Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.

Bean Jonathan J. Big Government and Affirmative Action: The Scandalous History of the Small Business Administration. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2001.

Bell Ella , Edmondson L. J. , and Nkomo Stella M. Our Separate Ways: Black and White Women and the Struggle for Professional Identity. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2001.

Bell Gregory S. In the Black: A History of African Americans on Wall Street. New York: John Wiley, 2002.

Boston Thomas D. Affirmative Action and Black Entrepreneurship. New York: Routledge, 1999.

Boston Thomas D. ed. A Different Vision: African American Economic Thought. London: Routledge, 1996.

Buni Andrew Robert L. Vann of the Pittsburgh Courier: Politics and Black Journalism. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1974.

Butler John Sibley Entrepreneurship and Self-Help among Black Americans. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.

Caplovitz David http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803901488/mbnglobalminorit/. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. January 1973.

Chin Elizabeth Purchasing Power: Black Kids and American Consumer Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.

Clarke Caroline V. Take a Lesson: Today's Black Achievers on How They Made It & What They Learned Along the Way New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001.

Collins Sharon Black Corporate Executives: The Making and Breaking of a Black Middle Class. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997.

Connerly Ward Creating Equal: My Fight Against Race Preferences. San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2000.

Cross Theodore Black Capitalism: Strategies for Business in the Ghetto. New York: Atheneum, 1969.

Curry George E. The Affirmative Action Debate. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1996.

Darity William A. , and Myers Samuel L. Jr. , Persistent Disparity: Race and Economic Inequality Since 1945. New York: Edward Elgar, 1998.

Dingle Derek Black Enterprise Titans of the B.E. 100s: Black CEOs Who Redefined and Conquered American Business. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1999.

St. Clair Drake , and Cayton Horace . Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1945.

Avon Drake W. , and Holsworth Robert D. , Affirmative Action and the Stalled Quest for Black Progress. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996.

Du Bois William E. B. The Negro in Business. Atlanta, GA: Atlanta University Press, 1898.

Edley Christopher F. Not All Black and White: Affirmative Action, Race and American Values. New York: Hill and Want, 1996.

Early Gerald Lyn One Nation under a Groove: Motown and American Culture. Ecco Press, 1994.

Ebor Bash ed., Cyber ghetto or Cypertopia?: Race, Class and Gender on the Internet. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1998.

Fairlie Robert W. Ethnic and Racial Entrepreneurship: A Study of Historical and Contemporary Differences. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996.

Fraser George C. Success Runs in Our Race: The Complete Guide to Effective Networking in the African-American Community. New York: W. Morrow, 1994.

Gaston Arthur G. Green Power: The Successful War of A. G. Gaston. Birmingham: Southern University Press, 1968.

Gordy Berry To Be Loved: The Music, the Magic, the Memories of Motown, An Autobiography. New York: Warner Books, 1994.

Graves Earl G. How to Succeed in Business Without Being White. New York: HarperBusiness, 1997.

Green Shelley , and Pryde Paul . Black Entrepreneurship in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publisher, 1989.

Greenberg Jonathan D. Staking a Claim: Jake Simmons and the Making of an African American Oil Dynasty. New York: Atheneum, 1990.

Hacker Andrew Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992.

Halter Marilyn , ed., foreword, Peter L. Berger. New Migrants in the Marketplace. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.

Handy John An Analysis of Black Business Enterprises. New York: Garland Publishing, 1989.

Harris Abram L. The Negro As Capitalist: A Study of Banking and Business Among Negroes Washington, D. C.: The American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1936; reprint, College Park, MD: McGrath Publishing Company, 1963.

Harmon J. H. Jr. , Lindsay Arnett G. , and Woodson Carter G. , The Negro as a Business Man. 1929; reprint, College Park, MD: McGrath Publishing Company, 1969.

Henderson Alexa Benson Atlanta Life Insurance Company: Guardian of Black Economic Dignity. Tuscaloosa, AL.: University of Alabama Press, 1990.

hooks bell , and West Cornel . Breaking Bread: Insurgent Black Intellectual. South End Press, 1991.

House-Soremekun Bessie Confronting the Odds: African American Entrepreneurship in Cleveland. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2002.

Jalloh Alusine , and Toyin Falola , eds. Black Business and Economic Power. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2002.

Ingham John N. , and Feldman Lynne B. African American Business Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994.

Johnson John H. , with Bennett Lerone Jr. Succeeding Against the Odds: The Inspiring Autobiography of One of America's Wealthiest Entrepreneurs, John H. Johnson. New York: Warner Books, Inc., 1989.

Kelley Norman ed. R&B (Rhythm and Business): The Political Economy of Black Music. New York: Akashic Books, 2002.

Kern-Foxworth Marilyn Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben, and Rastus: Blacks in Advertising, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994.

Kerner Otto The Kerner Report: What Happened? Why It Happened? What Can Be Done? The 1968 Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorder. New York: Bantam Books, 1968.

Kijakazi Kilolo African American Economic Development and Small Business Ownership. New York: Garland Publishing, 1997.

Kofsky Frank Black Music, White Business. New York: Pathfinder, 1997.

Kotkin Joel Tribes: How Race, Religion and Identity Determine Success in the New Global Economy. New York: Random House, 1993.

LaFeber Walter Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999.

Lapchick Richard E. ed. Sports in American: Equal Opportunity or Business as Usual. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996.

Latifah Queen , with Hunter Karen . Ladies First: Revelations from a Strong Woman. New York: William Morrow, 1999.

Lewis Reginald F. , and Walker Blair S. “Why Should White Guys Have All the Fun?”: How Reginald Lewis Created a Billion-Dollar Business Empire. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1994.

Light Ivan , and Bhachu Parminder . Immigration and Entrepreneurship: Culture, Capital, and Ethnic Networks. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publisher, 1993.

Light Ivan , and Rosenstein Carolyn . Race, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship in Urban America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1995.

Lovett Bobby L. A Black Man's Dream, The First 100 Years: Richard Henry Boyd and the National Baptist Publishing Board. Jacksonville, FL: Mega Corp., 1993, pp. 193–200.

McWhorter John Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2001.

Malveaux Julianne Wall Street, Main Street, and the Side Street: A Mad Economist Takes a Stroll. Los Angeles: Pines One Publications, 1999.

Marable Manning How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America. Boston: South End Press, 1983.

Massey D. S. , and Denton N. A. American Apartheid. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.

Myrdal Gunnar An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944.

Oak Vishnu Vitthal The Negro's Adventure in General Business Westport, CT: Negro Universities Press, 1970 [c. 1949].

Ogg Alex The Men Behind Def Jam: The Radical Rise of Russell Simmons And Rick Rubin. New York: Omnibus Press, 2002.

Ofari Earl The Myth of Black Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970.

Marable Manning How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America. Boston: South End Press, 1983.

Oliver Melvin , and Shapiro Thomas M. Black Wealth, White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. New York: Routledge, 1995.

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Overmyer James Queen of the Negro Leagues: Effa Manley and the Newark Eagles. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1998.

Pierce Joseph A. Negro Business and Business Education, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1947.

Pierre Ulwyn L. J. The Myth of Black Corporate Mobility. New York: Garland Publishers, 1998.

Posner Gerald L. Motown: Money, Power, Sex, and Music. New York: Random House, 2002.

Puth Robert C. Supreme Life: The History of a Negro Life Insurance Company. New York: Arno, 1976.

Reed Adolph L. The Jesse Jackson Phenomenon: The Crisis of Purpose in Afro-American Politics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.

Ronin , Bad Boy: The Influence of Sean “Puffy” Combs on the Music Industry. New York: Pocket Star, 2001.

Rooks Noliwe M. Hair Raising: Beauty, Culture, and African American Women. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996.

Saunders James R. Tightrope Walk: Identity, Survival and the Corporate World in African-American Literature. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 1997.

Silverman Robert Mark Doing Business in Minority Markets: Black and Korean Entrepreneurs in Chicago's Ethnic Beauty Aids Industry. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.

Simmons Russell , and George Nelson , contributor. Def: Sex, Drugs, Money, and God. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. 2001.

Simms Margaret ed. Economic Perspectives on Affirmative Action. Washington, D.C.: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 1995.

Sowell Thomas Sowell Compassion Versus Guilt. New York: William Morrow Co., 1987.

Sowell Thomas Markets and Minorities. New York: Basic Books, 1981.

Sowell Thomas Race and Economics, New York: Longman, Inc., 1975.

Steele Shelby The Content of Our Character. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.

Stuart M. S. An Economic Detour: A History of Insurance in the Lives of American Negroes. New York: Wendell Malliett and Company, 1940.

Sturdivant Frederick K. ed. The Ghetto Marketplace. New York: The Free Press, 1969.

Thomas David A. , and Gabarro John J. Breaking Through: The Making of Minority Executives in Corporate America. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999.

Todd Gwendolyn Powell Innovation and Growth in an African American Owned Business. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996.

Walker Juliet E. K. Encyclopedia of African American Business History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999.

Walker Juliet E. K. The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship. New York/London: MacMillan/ Prentice Hall International, 1998.

Walker Juliet E. K. Oprah Winfrey: An American Entrepreneur. Harvard Business School Press, 2004.

Wallace Phyllis Ann , with Datcher Linda , and Malveaux Julianne . Black Women in the Labor Force. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980.

Wallace Robert L. Black Wealth Through Black Entrepreneurship. Edgewood, MD: Duncan and Duncan, Inc., 1993.

Washington Booker T. The Negro in Business. Boston: Hertel, Jenkins & Co., 1907.

Waters Mary Black Identities: West African Immigrant Dreams and American Realities. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Craig Watkins S. Representing: Hip Hop Culture and the Production of Black Cinema. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.

Weare Walter Black Business in the New South: A Social History of the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973.

Weems Robert E. Black Business in the Black Metropolis: The Chicago Metropolitan Assurance Company, 1925–1985. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996.

Weems Robert E. Jr. . Desegregating the Dollar: African American Consumerism in the Twentieth Century. New York: State University of New York Press, 1998.

West Cornell Race Matters. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.

Wier Sadye H. , and Marszalck John F. A Black Businessman in White Mississippi, 1886–1974. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1977.

Williams Walter More Liberty Means Less Government: Our Founders Knew This Well. Hoover Institution Press Publication; No. 453, 1999.

Wilson Sunnie , with Cohassey John . Toast of the Town: The Life and Times of Sunnie Wilson. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998.

Woodward Michael D. Black Entrepreneurs in America: Stories of Struggle and Success. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997.

Wynter Leon E. American Skin: Pop Culture, Big Business, and the End of White America. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 2002.

Yon In-Jin On My Own: Korean Business and Race Relations in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.