The introduction of skin substitutes in the last decade has dramatically changed how we think about the concept of “non-healing” wounds. Their use has improved prognosis and reduced morbidity in the treatment of open wounds. This article aims to summarize the development of tissue-engineered skin substitutes, discuss their use, and highlight some specific applications in different clinical settings.
AdamsJEZobitzMEReachJSJr. Rotator cuff repair using an acellular dermal matrix graft: an in vivo study in a canine model. Arthroscopy. 2006;22(7):700–9.
2.
AhujaNKDatiashviliRO. Biobrane in the management of critical microsurgical wounds of the upper extremity. Microsurgery. 2012;32(3):196–200.
3.
AzzenaBAmabileATiengoC. Use of acellular dermal regeneration template in a complete finger degloving injury: case report. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2010;35(12):2057–60.
4.
BadylakSFGilbertTW. Immune response to biologic scaffold materials. Semin Immunol.2008;20(2):109–16.
5.
BarretJPDziewulskiPRamzyPI. Biobrane versus 1 % silver sulfadiazine in second-degree pediatric burns. Plast Reconstr Surg.2000;105(1):62–5.
6.
BelcherHJZicR. Adverse effect of porcine collagen interposition after trapeziectomy: a comparative study. J Hand Surg (Br). 2001;26(2):159–64.
7.
BelloYMFalabellaAFEaglsteinWH. Tissue-engineered skin. Current status in wound healing. Am J Clin Dermatol.2001;2(5):305–13.
8.
BremHYoungJTomic-CanicM. Clinical efficacy and mechanism of bilayered living human skin equivalent (HSE) in treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Surg Technol Int.2003;11:23–31.
9.
BrownEZJr.PedersonCW. Nonmicrosurgical coverage of the upper extremity. In: WolfeSW, editor. Operative hand surgery. 6th ed.New York: Churchill-Livingstone; 2011. p. 1645–1720.
10.
BurkeJFYannasIVQuinbyWCJr. Successful use of a physiologically acceptable artificial skin in the treatment of extensive burn injury. Ann Surg.1981;194(4):413–28.
11.
CarothersJTBrigmanBELawsonRD. Stacking of a dermal regeneration template for reconstruction of a soft-tissue defect after tumor excision from the palm of the hand: a case report. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2005;30(6):1322–6.
12.
CassidyCPeterSDStLaceyS. Biobrane versus duoderm for the treatment of intermediate thickness burns in children: a prospective, randomized trial. Burns. 2005;31(7):890–3.
13.
CavorsiJVicariFWirthlinDJ. Best-practice algorithms for the use of a bilayered living cell therapy (Apligraf) in the treatment of lower-extremity ulcers. Wound Repair Regen.2006;14(2):102–9.
14.
CervelliVBrinciLSpalloneD. The use of MatriDerm(R) and skin grafting in post-traumatic wounds. Int Wound J.2011;8(4):400–5.
15.
ChengASaint-CyrM. Comparison of different ADM materials in breast surgery. Clin Plast Surg.2012;39(2):167–75.
16.
DantzerEQueruelPSalinierL. Dermal regeneration template for deep hand burns: clinical utility for both early grafting and reconstructive surgery. Br J Plast Surg.2003;56(8):764–74.
17.
FalangaVIsaacsCPaquetteD. Wounding of bioengineered skin: cellular and molecular aspects after injury. J Invest Dermatol.2002;119(3):653–60.
18.
GerdingRLEmermanCLEffronD. Outpatient management of partial-thickness burns: Biobrane versus 1 % silver sulfadiazine. Ann Emerg Med.1990;19(2):121–4.
19.
GilbertTWNieponiceASpievackAR. Repair of the thoracic wall with an extracellular matrix scaffold in a canine model. J Surg Res.2008;147(1):61–7.
20.
GilbertTWStolzDBBiancanielloF. Production and characterization of ECM powder: implications for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials. 2005;26(12):1431–5.
21.
GravvanisAITsoutsosDAIconomouT. The use of integra artificial dermis to minimize donor-site morbidity after suprafascial dissection of the radial forearm flap. Microsurgery. 2007;27(7):583–7.
22.
HansenSLVoigtDWWiebelhausP. Using skin replacement products to treat burns and wounds. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2001;14(1):37–44. quiz 45–36.
23.
HaslikWKamolzLPMannaF. Management of full-thickness skin defects in the hand and wrist region: first long-term experiences with the dermal matrix Matriderm. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg.2010;63(2):360–4.
24.
HeckmannARadtkeCRennekampffHO. One-stage defect closure of deperiosted bone and exposed tendons with MATRIDERM(R) and skin transplantation: possibilities and limitations. Unfallchirurg.2012;115(12):1092–8.
25.
HeimbachDLutermanABurkeJ. Artificial dermis for major burns. A multi-center randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg.1988;208(3):313–20.
26.
HeitlandAPiatkowskiANoahEM. Update on the use of collagen/glycosaminoglycate skin substitute—6 years of experiences with artificial skin in 15 German burn centers. Burns. 2004;30(5):471–5.
27.
HerlinCLouhaemDBigorreM. Use of Integra in a paediatric upper extremity degloving injury. J Hand Surg Eur Vol.2007;32(2):179–84.
28.
JonesICurrieLMartinR. A guide to biological skin substitutes. Br J Plast Surg.2002;55(3):185–93.
29.
JungJJWooASBorschelGH. The use of Integra(R) bilaminar dermal regeneration template in apert syndactyly reconstruction: a novel alternative to simplify care and improve outcomes. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg.2012;65(1):118–21.
30.
JungSNChungJWYimYM. One-stage skin grafting of the exposed skull with acellular human dermis (AlloDerm). J Craniofac Surg.2008;19(6):1660–2.
31.
KimJYDavilaAAPersingS. A meta-analysis of human acellular dermis and submuscular tissue expander breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg.2012;129(1):28–41.
32.
KumarRJKimbleRMBootsR. Treatment of partial-thickness burns: a prospective, randomized trial using Transcyte. ANZ J Surg.2004;74(8):622–6.
33.
LalSBarrowREWolfSE. Biobrane improves wound healing in burned children without increased risk of infection. Shock. 2000;14(3):314–8. discussion 318–319.
34.
LattariVJonesLMVarcelottiJR. The use of a permanent dermal allograft in full-thickness burns of the hand and foot: a report of three cases. J Burn Care Rehabil.1997;18(2):147–55.
35.
LeeKH. Tissue-engineered human living skin substitutes: development and clinical application. Yonsei Med J.2000;41(6):774–9.
36.
LouRBHickersonWL. The use of skin substitutes in hand burns. Hand Clin.2009;25(4):497–509.
37.
MacleodTMWilliamsGSandersR. Histological evaluation of Permacol as a subcutaneous implant over a 20-week period in the rat model. Br J Plast Surg.2005;58(4):518–32.
38.
MacNeilS. Progress and opportunities for tissue-engineered skin. Nature. 2007;445(7130):874–80.
39.
McDevittCAWildeyGMCutroneRM. Transforming growth factor-betal in a sterilized tissue derived from the pig small intestine submucosa. J Biomed Mater Res A.2003;67(2):637–40.
40.
MoiemenNYarrowJHodgsonE. Long-term clinical and histological analysis of Integra dermal regeneration template. Plast Reconstr Surg.2011;127(3):1149–54.
41.
MoiemenNSYarrowJKamelD. Topical negative pressure therapy: does it accelerate neovascularisation within the dermal regeneration template, Integra? A prospective histological in vivo study. Burns. 2010;36(6):764–8.
42.
MooreCLeeSHartA. Use of Integra to resurface a latissimus dorsi free flap. Br J Plast Surg.2003;56(1):66–9.
43.
MostowENHarawayGDDalsingM. Effectiveness of an extracellular matrix graft (OASIS Wound Matrix) in the treatment of chronic leg ulcers: a randomized clinical trial. J Vasc Surg.2005;41(5):837–43.
44.
MurrayRCGordinEASaigalK. Reconstruction of the radial forearm free flap donor site using integra artificial dermis. Microsurgery. 2011;31(2):104–8.
45.
NihsenESZopfDAErnstDM. Absorption of bioactive molecules into OASIS wound matrix. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2007;20(10):541–8.
46.
NoordenbosJDoreCHansbroughJF. Safety and efficacy of TransCyte for the treatment of partial-thickness burns. J Burn Care Rehabil.1999;20(4):275–81.
47.
O'ConnorNEMullikenJBBanks-SchlegelS. Grafting of burns with cultured epithelium prepared from autologous epidermal cells. Lancet. 1981;1:75–8.
48.
Ortega-ZilicNHunzikerTLauchliS. EpiDex(R) Swiss field trial 2004–2008. Dermatology. 2010;221(4):365–72.
49.
ParksJRHammondSEWalshWW. Human acellular dermis (ACD) vs. no-ACD in tissue expansion breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e318262f06e.
50.
ParksJWHammondSEWalshWA. Human acellular dermis versus no acellular dermis in tissue expansion breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg.2012;130(4):739–46.
51.
PhamCGreenwoodJClelandH. Bioengineered skin substitutes for the management of burns: a systematic review. Burns. 2007;33(8):946–57.
52.
RheinwaldJGGreenH. Formation of a keratinizing epithelium in culture by a cloned cell line derived from a teratoma. Cell. 1975;6(3):317–30.
53.
RheinwaldJGGreenH. Serial cultivation of strains of human epidermal keratinocytes: the formation of keratinizing colonies from single cells. Cell. 1975;6(3):331–43.
54.
RoweNMMorrisLDelacureMD. Acellular dermal composite allografts for reconstruction of the radial forearm donor site. Ann Plast Surg.2006;57(3):305–11.
55.
RysselHGermannGKloetersO. Dermal substitution with Matriderm(®) in burns on the dorsum of the hand. Burns. 2010;36(8):1248–53.
56.
SchneiderJBiedermannTWidmerD. Matriderm versus Integra: a comparative experimental study. Burns. 2009;35(1):51–7.
57.
ShoresJTGabrielAGuptaS. Skin substitutes and alternatives: a review. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2007;20(9 Pt 1):493–508. quiz 509–410.
58.
SinhaUKShihCChangK. Use of AlloDerm for coverage of radial forearm free flap donor site. Laryngoscope. 2002;112(2):230–4.
59.
StillJDonkerKLawE. A program to decrease hospital stay in acute burn patients. Burns. 1997;23(6):498–500.
60.
StillJGlatPSilversteinP. The use of a collagen sponge/living cell composite material to treat donor sites in burn patients. Burns. 2003;29(8):837–41.
61.
WainwrightDMaddenMLutermanA. Clinical evaluation of an acellular allograft dermal matrix in full-thickness burns. J Burn Care Rehabil.1996;17(2):124–36.
62.
WaxMKWinslowCPAndersenPE. Use of allogenic dermis for radial forearm free flap donor site coverage. J Otolaryngol.2002;31(6):341–5.
63.
WeigertRChoughriHCasoliV. Management of severe hand wounds with Integra® dermal regeneration template. J Hand Surg Eur Vol.2011;36(3):185–93.
64.
WolterTPNoahEMPalluaN. The use of Integra in an upper extremity avulsion injury. Br J Plast Surg.2005;58(3):416–8.
