The Importance of Surface Technology in Spinal Fusion

3D Hubs. Metal 3D printing: additive manufacturing technologies compared. Available from https://www.3dhubs.com/guides/metal-3d-printing.

Boyan BD Batzer R Kieswetter K Titanium surface roughness alters responsiveness of MG63 osteoblast-like cells to 1 alpha, 25-(OH)2D3 J Biomed Mater Res. 199839 177–85 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199801)39:1<77::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-L

Casper DS Zmistowski B Hollern DA The effect of postoperative spinal infections on patient mortality Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 201843 3223–227 10.1097/BRS.0000000000002277

Cao L, Duan PG, Li XL, et al. Biomechanical stability of a bioabsorbable self-retaining polylactic acid/nano-sized β-tricalcium phosphate cervical spine interbody fusion device in single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion sheep models. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7:5875–5880.

Chang MC Liu CL Chen TH Polymethylmethacrylate augmentation of pedicle screw for osteoporotic spinal surgery: a novel technique Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 200833 10E317–E324 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31816f6c73

Colon G Ward BC Webster TJ Increased osteoblast and decreased Staphylococcus epidermidis functions on nanophase ZnO and TiO₂ J Biomed Mater Res A. 200678 3595–604 10.1002/jbm.a.30789

DeWald CJ Stanley T Instrumentation-related complications of multilevel fusions for adult spinal deformity patients over age 65: surgical considerations and treatment options in patients with poor bone quality Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 200631 19 SupplS144–S151 10.1097/01.brs.0000236893.65878.39

Harkess James W. Crockarell John R. Arthroplasty of the Hip Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics 2013 158-310.e10

Hazer DB Sakar M Dere Y Altinkanat G Ziyal MI Hazer B Antimicrobial effect of polymer-based silver nanoparticle coated pedicle screws: experimental research on biofilm inhibition in rabbits Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 201641 6E323–E329 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001223

Hwang HH, Zhu W, Victorine G, Lawrence N, Chen S. 3D-printing of functional biomedical microdevices via light- and extrusion-based approaches. Small Methods. 2017;2(2).

Jiang Sheng-Dan Jiang Lei-Sheng Dai Li-Yang Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion versus anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion for multilevel cervical spondylosis: a systematic review Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery 2011132 2155–161 10.1007/s00402-011-1402-6

Kandziora F Pflugmacher R Scholz M Eindorf T Schnake KJ Haas NP Bioabsorbable interbody cages in a sheep cervical spine fusion model Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 200429 171845–1855 10.1097/01.brs.0000137060.79732.78

Kienle A Graf N Wilke H-J Does impaction of titanium-coated interbody fusion cages into the disc space cause wear debris or delamination? Spine J. 201616 2235–242 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.09.038

Lai KA Shen WJ Chen CH Yang CY Hu WP Chang GL Failure of hydroxyapatite-coated acetabular cups. Ten-year follow-up of 85 Landos Atoll arthroplasties J Bone Joint Surg Br. 200284 5641–646 10.1302/0301-620X.84B5.0840641

Li W Xu D Hu Y Cai K Lin Y Surface modification of titanium substrates with silver nanoparticles embedded sulfhydrylated chitosan/gelatin polyelectrolyte multilayer films for antibacterial application J Mater Sci Mater Med. 201425 61435–1448 10.1007/s10856-014-5190-8

Linder L. Osseointegration of metallic implants. I. Light microscopy in the rabbit. Acta Orthop Scand. 1989;60(2):129–134.

Ohe M Moridaira H Inami S Takeuchi D Nohara Y Taneichi H Pedicle screws with a thin hydroxyapatite coating for improving fixation at the bone–implant interface in the osteoporotic spine: experimental study in a porcine model J Neurosurg Spine. 201828 6679–687 10.3171/2017.10.SPINE17702

Olivares-Navarrete R Gittens RA Schneider JM Osteoblasts exhibit a more differentiated phenotype and increased bone morphogenetic protein production on titanium alloy substrates than on poly-ether-ether-ketone Spine J. 201212 3265–272 10.1016/j.spinee.2012.02.002

Olivares-Navarrete R Hyzy SL Gittens RA Rough titanium alloys regulate osteoblast production of angiogenic factors Spine J. 201313 111563–1570 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.03.047

Olivares-Navarrete R Hyzy SL Hutton DL Direct and indirect effects of microstructured titanium substrates on the induction of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation towards the osteoblast lineage Biomaterials. 201031 102728–2735 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.029

Olivares-Navarrete R Hyzy SL Slosar PJ Schneider JM Schwartz Z Boyan BD Implant materials generate different peri-implant inflammatory factors: poly-ether-ether-ketone promotes fibrosis and microtextured titanium promotes osteogenic factors Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 201540 6399–404 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000778

Ozeki K Mishima A Yuhta T Fukui Y Aoki H Bone bonding strength of sputtered hydroxyapatite films subjected to a low temperature hydrothermal treatment Biomed Mater Eng. 200313 4451–463

Polini A Pisignano D Parodi M Quarto R Scaglione S Osteoinduction of human mesenchymal stem cells by bioactive composite scaffolds without supplemental osteogenic growth factors PLoS One. 2011 6 10 10.1371/journal.pone.0026211

Puckett SD Taylor E Raimondo T Webster TJ The relationship between the nanostructure of titanium surfaces and bacterial attachment Biomaterials. 201031 4706–713 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.081

Qin H Cao H Zhao Y In vitro and in vivo anti-biofilm effects of silver nanoparticles immobilized on titanium Biomaterials. 201435 339114–9125 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.040

Ricker A Liu-Snyder P Webster TJ The influence of nano MgO and BaSO₄ particle size additives on properties of PMMA bone cement Int J Nanomedicine. 20083 1125–132 10.2217/17435889.3.1.125

Robbins S Lauryssen C Songer MN Use of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite with autologous BMA and local bone in the lumbar spine: a retrospective CT analysis of posterolateral fusion results Clin Spine Surg. 201730 3E192–E197 10.1097/BSD.0000000000000091

Sandén B Olerud C Larsson S Hydroxyapatite coating enhances fixation of loaded pedicle screws: a mechanical in vivo study in sheep Eur Spine J. 200110 4334–339 10.1007/s005860100291

Schwartz Z Raz P Zhao G Effect of micrometer-scale roughness of the surface of Ti6Al4V pedicle screws in vitro and in vivo J Bone Joint Surg Am. 200890 112485–2498 10.2106/JBJS.G.00499

Slosar PJ Spine implant surface technology state of the art: separating fact from fiction Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 201843S10–S11 10.1097/BRS.0000000000002549

Todd I No more tears for metal 3D printing Nature. 2017549 7672342–343 10.1038/549342a

Torstrick FB Evans NT Stevens HY Gall K Guldberg RE Do surface porosity and pore size influence mechanical properties and cellular response to PEEK? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016474 112373–2383 10.1007/s11999-016-4833-0

US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. National health expenditure data. Available from https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/statistics-trends-and-reports/nationalhealthexpenddata/nationalhealthaccountshistorical.html

US Food and Drug Administration. Custom device exemption. Guidance for industry and Food and Drug Administration staff. September 24, 2014. Available from https://www.fda.gov/media/89897/download

Vyatskikh A Delalande S Kudo A Zhang X Portela CM Greer JR Additive manufacturing of 3D nano-architected metals Nat Commun. 2018 9 1 593 10.1038/s41467-018-03071-9

Wu Z Gong F Liu L A comparative study on screw loosening in osteoporotic lumbar spine fusion between expandable and conventional pedicle screws Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012132 4471–476 10.1007/s00402-011-1439-6

Yang Y Tian J Deng L Ong JL Morphological behavior of osteoblast-like cells on surface-modified titanium in vitro Biomaterials. 200223 51383–1389 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00259-9

Zigler JE Rogers RW Ohnmeiss DD Comparison of 1-level versus 2-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: clinical and radiographic follow-up at 60 months Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 201641 6463–469 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001263