Differences in Coracoid and Glenoid Dimensions Based on Sex,Race,and Age: Implications for Use of the Latarjet Technique in Glenoid Reconstruction

Abstract

Background

The Latarjet procedure restores shoulder stability through reconstruction of the glenoid arc. Prior investigations of glenoid and coracoid dimensions have been underpowered to detect differences based on sex and race.

Questions/Purposes

We sought to establish normative values for glenoid width and coracoid dimensions based on sex, race, and age. In addition, we assessed the restoration of glenoid dimensions using the classic and modified Latarjet techniques (classic technique: placing lateral surface of the coracoid to the glenoid; modified technique: placing inferior surface of the coracoid to the glenoid).

Methods

A total of 993 cadaveric specimens (n = 1986 scapulae) from people over 18 years of age at the time of death were analyzed. Measurements of maximal glenoid width, coracoid width, thickness, and length were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed to detect differences based on sex and race, while univariable linear regression was used to determine the association of increasing age on measured dimensions.

Results

All dimensions of specimens were significantly larger in males than in females. Caucasians possessed larger mean glenoid width, coracoid width, and coracoid length, while coracoid thickness was significantly larger in African Americans. Linear regression analysis found that increasing age was associated with increased glenoid width and coracoid dimensions. Coracoid positioning restored glenoid width in defects measuring 20% of glenoid width using both classic and modified Latarjet techniques, while defects measuring up to 25% were more accurately reproduced using the modified technique.

Conclusion

Dimensions were significantly larger in males and in Caucasians, aside from coracoid thickness. Mean dimensions increased with advancing age. Coracoid positioning using classic or modified Latarjet techniques restored glenoid width defects measuring 20% of the glenoid width, while the modified technique allowed for restoration of larger defects.