AchillesMary (1994). “Freedom from fear: tackling violence in our communities.”Corrections Today55: 22–24.
2.
AlanR. Andreasen1971. Inner City Business. A Case Study of Buffalo, New York.New York: Praeger Publishers.
3.
AlpertMark1991. “The Ghetto's Hidden Wealth: Believe it or not, Great Business Opportunities Beckon in the Inner Cities, Especially for Retailers who have Saturated the Suburbs.”Fortune124: 167–173.
4.
BlaunerRobert1972. Racial Oppresion in America, New York: Harper and Row.
5.
BonacichEdna. “A Theory of Middleman Minorities.”American Sociological Review38 (October 1972): 583–594.
6.
BonacichEdna, and ModellJohn, “Midleman Minorities” (Chapter 2 from The economic Basis of Ethnic Solidarity: Small Business in The Japanese American Community).
7.
BonacichEdna, “Societal Hostility.” (Chapter 4 from The economic Basis of Ethnic Solidarity: Small Business in the Japanese American Community).
8.
BostonThomas (1995). “Characteristics of black-owned corporations in Atlanta: with comments on the SMOBE undercount.”Review of Black Political Economy23: 85–100.
9.
Bureau of Justice Statistics (1986). “Teenage victims: A national crime survey report.”Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Criminal Justice.
10.
Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Populations in the United States, 1989 (Washing, D.C.Government Printing Office, 1991)
11.
BursikRobert, and GrasmickHarold (1993). Neighborhoods and Crime. The Dimension of Effective Community Control, New York, NY: Lexington Books.
12.
ButlerJohn Sibley1991. Entrepreneurship and Self-Help Among Black Americans, Albany, New York: State University New York Press.
13.
ButlerJohn Sibley1995. “Entrepreneurship and the advantages of the inner city: how to augment the Porter thesis.”Review of the Black Political Economy, 24, 39–50.
14.
ButlerJohn Sibley1995. “Race, Entrepreneurship, and the inner city.”USA Today (Magazine), 123, n2596, 26–30.
15.
ClaytonObie, and WalkerSam, “Statistics Show Growing Inequality for Black Men,”Omaha World Herald (May 27, 1992).
16.
CohenLawrence E., and FelsonMarcus (1979). “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activities Approach.”American Sociological Review44: 588–608.
17.
ConklinJ. E. (1975). The Impact of Crime.New York: Macmillan.
18.
DaftRichard (1993). Management.Orlando, FL: The Dryden Press.
19.
DietschDeborah K.1996. Return cities to the agenda. Architecture85: 15–16.
20.
DreierPeter1995. Making the case for cities. Challenge38: 29–38.
21.
FeaginJoe R.1994. Racial Bariers to African American entrepreneurship: an exploratory study. Social Problems41: 562–585.
22.
FisherBonnie1991. “A Neighborhood Business Area is Hurting: Crime, Fear of Crime, and Disorders Take Their Toll.”Crime & Deliquency37: 363–373.
23.
GallagerDavid. 1989. Small Business, Big Problem: Small Business and Crime in New York City, 1989.New York: New York Interface development Project.
24.
Gallup Poll, Report 318 (March 1992), reported in Bureau of Justice Statistics, Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1991, p. 185.
25.
GarafaloJames, and LaubJohn (1979). “Fear of Crime: Broadening Our Perspectives.”Victimology3: 242–253.
26.
GeschwenderJamea A.1978. Racial Stratification in America, Dubugue, IO: William C. Brown.
27.
GlastrisPaul (1993). “Inner-city lending: Hits and misses.”US News & World Report, Jan 25, 1993.
28.
GleickJames1987. Chaos.New York: Viking Press.
29.
GreenePatricia, and ButlerJohn1996. “The Minority Community as a Natural Business Incubator.”Journal of Business Research36: 51–58.
30.
HindelangMichael J., MichaelR. Gottfredson, and GarafaloJames (1978). Victims of Personal Crime.Cambridge: Ballinger.
31.
HymanH., and WrightC.1971. “Trends in Voluntary Association Memberships in American Adults: Replication Based on Secondary Analysis of National Sample Surveys.”American Sociological Review36: 191–206.
32.
IrwinJohn, and AustinJames1994. It's About Time: America's Imprisonment Binge.Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
33.
JargowskyP A., and BaneMary Jo1990. Neighborhood Poverty: Basic Questions. Discussion Paper Series, #H–90–3, Macolm Wiener Center for Social Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
34.
JaynesGerald (1984). “Urban Policy and Economic Reform.”The Review of Black Political Economy, Summer-Fall 1984.
35.
KlotzerCharles L.1994. “The Fear of Crime.”St. Louis Journalism Review.23: 169–172.
36.
KnutsonDurwin1996. “Minority and Women-Owned Business Enterprises.”U.S. Census Bureau.
37.
LappFloyd (1985). “Commercial Revitalization.”Journal of Housing, Sep/Oct 1985.
38.
LavrakasPaul J., and EliciaJ. Herz1982. Citizen Participation in Neighborhood Crime Prevention. Criminology20: 479–498.
39.
LeiferR.1989. Understanding organizational transformation using a dissipative structure model. Humans Relations, 42, 899–916
40.
LewisDan A. (1979). “Design Problem in Public Policy Development.”Criminology17: 172–183.
41.
LewisDan A., and SalemGreta (1981). “Community Crime Prevention: An Analysis of a developing Strategy.”Crime and Delinquency27: 405–421.
42.
LiskaAllen E., SanchiricoAndrew, and MarkD. Reed (1988). “Fear of Crime and Constrained Behavior: Specifying and Estimating a Reciprocal Effects Model.”Social Forces66: 827–837.
43.
LoweryMark1996. “Revitalizing Inner Cities: B.E. Board of Economists Report.”Black Enterprise26: 64–69.
44.
LoyeD., and EislerR.1987. Chaos and transformation: Implications of nonequilibrium theory for social science and society. Behavioral Science, 1987, 32, 53–66.
45.
McKeeDavid L.1991. Schumpeter and the Political Economy of Change.New York, NY: Praeger Publishers.
46.
MerrySally1981. Urban Danger: Life in a neighborhood of strangers.Philadephia: Temple University Press.
47.
MinPyong Gap (1988). Ethnic Business Enterprise: Korean Small Business in Atlanta.Staten, Island, NY: Center for Migration Studies.
48.
ParkerKeith D. (1993). “Fear of crime and the likelihood of victimization: a bi-ethnic comparison.”Journal of Social Psychology.133: 723–733.
49.
PerkinsDouglas1996. “The Ecology of Empowerment: Predicting Participation in Community Organizations.”Journal of Social Issues52: 85–111.
50.
PorterMichael (1995). “The Competitive Advantage of the Inner City.”Harvard Business Review, May-June: 55–71.
51.
PortesAlejandro, and ZhouMin (1992). “Gaining the upper hand: economic mobility among immigrant and domestic minorities”. Ethnic and Racial Studies15: 491–522.
52.
ScottMathhew S. (1995). “The State of Black Business.”Black Enterprise26: 74–79.
53.
SkoganWesley1989. “Communities, Crime, and Neighborhood Organization.”Crime & Delinquency35: 437–457.
54.
SombartWerner1982. The Jews and Modern Capitalism.New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, Inc.
55.
StaffordMark C., and OrnerR. Galle (1984). “Victimization Rates, Exposure to Risk and Fear of Crime.”Criminology22: 173–185.
56.
SteinburgStephen (1989). The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America.Boston, MA: Beacon Press
57.
TaubRichard P., TaylorGarth, and JanD. Dunham (1981). “Neighborhoods and Safety.”Reactions to Crime: 103–119.
58.
TylerTom, and PaulJ. Lavrakas (1986). “Cognitions Leading to Personal and Political Behaviors: The case of Crime.” Pp. 141–156 in Mass Media Effects and Political Information Processing, edited by PerloffR., and KrausS.Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
59.
United States Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Study8864 (1986–1992).
60.
U.S. Census Bureau.Company Statistics. November 25th, 1996.
61.
U.S. Department of Education, “Biennial Survey of College and University Enrollments, 1990,” cited in Chronicle of Higher Education (March 18, 1992);
62.
U.S. Department of Justice1996, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Correction Populations in the United States.
63.
U.S. Department of Justice1997, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Four Measures of Serious Violent Crime.
64.
U.S. Department of Justice1997, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Homicide Trends in the United States.
65.
U.S. Department of Justice1997, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Property Crime Continue to Decline.
66.
U.S. Department of Justice, “Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 1996” (NCJ-162843)
67.
U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics bulletin, “Changes in Criminal Victimization 1994-1995, NCJ–162032
68.
U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Prison Populations in the United States, 1996.
69.
WalkerSamuel1994. Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs.Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California.
70.
WaquantLoic J.D., and WilsonWilliam Julius1990. “The Cost of Racial and Class Exclusion in the Inner City.”Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science501(January): 8–25.
71.
WarnerLloyd, and SroleLeo1945. The Social Systems of American Ethnic Groups, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
72.
WarrMark1993. Chapter 1 from Understanding and Preventing Violence (V4): Consequences and Control.
73.
WeberMax1930. The Protestant Ethnic and The Spirit of Capitalism.New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930.
74.
WickerAllan1990. “The Midwest Psychological Field Station: Some reflections Of one participant.”Environment and Behavior.22: N4.
75.
WilliamsJ.A., BabchukN., & JohnsonD. R.1973. “Voluntary associations and minority status: A comparative analysis of Anglo, Black and Mexian-Americans.”American Sociological Review.38: 637–646.
76.
WilliamsPaul1993. “Fear of Crime: read all about it? The relationship between newspaper crime reporting and fear of crime.”British Journal of Crimonology33: 31–56.
77.
WilliamsSherwood1994. “Urban Youth, Fear of Crime, and Resulting Defensive Actions.”Adolescence29: 323–331.
78.
WilsonWilliam Julius1991. “Studying Inner-City Social Dislocations: The Challenge of Public Agenda Research.”American Sociological Review56: 1–14.
79.
WilsonWilliam Julius1996. When Work Disappears, New York, New York: Vintage Books.
80.
WinsbergMorton1989. “Income Polarization Between the Central Cities and Suburbs of U.S. Metropolises, 1950–1980.”American Journal of Economics and Sociology48: 3–10.