Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

We assessed implicit orientations towards power versus intimacy using the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Implicit Associations Test (IAT). In addition, we assessed explicit orientations using self‐report measures of dominance versus nurturance motives and extrinsic versus intrinsic values. Further, we assessed the rated self‐concordance and importance of power versus intimacy idiographic goals. The six measures formed four factors: motives/values, goals, IAT and TAT. We also assessed a variety of outcomes ranging from well‐being to choice in a social dilemma. All six predictors correlated with at least some outcomes, with the values measure being strongest predictor of the predominantly self‐report outcomes. We suggest that there is value in simultaneously considering old school and new school approaches to assessing implicit motives. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Keywords

IAT TAT power intimacy motives attitudes

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Blanton

Jaccard

(2006).Arbitrary metrics in psychology. American Psychologist, 61,27–41.

Blanton

Jaccard

Gonzales

P. M.

Christie

(2006). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42,192–212.

Bluemke

Friese

(2006).Do features of stimuli affect IAT effects? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42,163–176.

Brunstein

J. C.

Schmitt

C. H.

(2004).Assessing individual differences in achievement motivation with the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Research in Personality, 38,536–555.

Carver

Scheier

,(1998). On the self‐regulation of behavior. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Deci

E. L.

Ryan

R. M.

(1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Perspectives on motivation(Vol. 38, pp.237–288). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

De Houwer

(2006). What are implicit measures and why are we using them?In R. W. Wiers , & A. W. Stacy (Eds.), Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction(pp.11–28). Thousand Oaks, California, USA: Sage Publications.

Deci

E. L.

Ryan

R. M.

(2000).The “what” and “why”of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self‐determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11,227–268.

Diener

Emmons

Larsen

Griffin

(1985).The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47,1105–1117.

10.

Egloff

Schmukle

S. C.

(2002).Predictive validity of an implicit association test for assessing anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83,1441–1455.

11.

Egloff

Schwerdtfeger

Schmukle

S. C.

(2005).Temporal stability of the implicit association test – anxiety. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84,82–88.

12.

Elliot

A. J.

Church

M. A.

(1997).A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72,218–232.

13.

Emmons

R. A.

(1989). The personal strivings approach to personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Goal concepts in personality and social psychology(pp.87–126). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates.

14.

Emmons

R. A.

(1991).Personal strivings, daily life events, and psychological and physical well‐being. Journal of Personality, 59,453–472.

15.

Emmons

R. A.

(1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. New York: Guilford.

16.

Emmons

R. A.

McAdams

D. P.

(1991).Personal strivings and motive dispositions: Exploring the links. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17,648–654.

17.

Greenwald

A. G.

Farnham

S. D.

(2000).Using the implicit association test to measure self‐esteem and self‐concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79,1022–1038.

18.

Greenwald

A. G.

McGhee

D. E.

Schwartz

J. L.

(1998).Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74,1464–1480.

19.

Greenwald

A. G.

Nosek

B. A.

Banaji

M. R.

(2003).Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 85,197–216.

20.

Haines

E. L.

Kray

L. J.

(2005).Self‐power associations: The possession of power impacts women's self‐concepts. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35,643–662.

21.

Hausmann

L. R. M.

Ryan

C. S.

(2004).Effects of external and internal motivation to control prejudice on implicit prejudice: The mediating role of efforts to control prejudiced responses. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 26,215–225.

22.

Helgeson

V. S.

(1994).Relation of agency and communion to well‐being: Evidence and potential explanations. Psychological Bulletin, 116,412–428.

23.

Jackson

(1984). Personality Research Form manual(revised edition). Port Huron, MI: Research Psychologists Press.

24.

Kasser

(2002). The high price of materialism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

25.

Kasser

Ryan

R. M.

(1993).A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65,410–422.

26.

Kasser

Ryan

R. M.

(1996).Further examining the American dream: Well‐being correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22,281–296.

27.

Kasser

Sheldon

K. M.

(2000).Of wealth and death: Materialism, mortality salience, and consumption behavior. Psychological Science, 11,348–351.

28.

King

L. A.

(1995).Wishes, motives, goals, and personal memories: Relations and correlates of measures of human motivation. Journal of Personality, 63,985–1007.

29.

McAdams

D. P.

(1989). Intimacy: The need to be close. New York: Doubleday & Co.

30.

McAdams

D. P.

(2001). The person: An integrated introduction to personality psychology. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt.

31.

McClelland

D. C.

(1987). Human motivation. New York: Cambridge University Press.

32.

McClelland

Koestner

Weinberger

(1989).How do self‐attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96,690–702.

33.

McConnell

A. R.

Leibold

J. M.

(2001).Relations among the implicit association test, discriminatory behavior, and explicit measures of racial attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37,435–442.

34.

Murray

H. A.

(1938). Explorations in personality: A clinical and experimental study of fifty men of college age. New York: Oxford University Press.

35.

Rudman

L. A.

Glick

(2001).Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash against agentic women. Journal of Social Issues, 57,743–762.

36.

Schnabel

Banse

Asendorpf

(2006).Employing automatic approach and avoidance tendencies for the assessment of implicit personality self‐concept: The Implicit Association Procedure (IAP). Experimental Psychology, 53,69–76.

37.

Sheldon

K. M.

(2002). The self‐concordance model of healthy goal‐striving: When personal goals correctly represent the person. In E. L. Deci , & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self‐determination research(pp.65–86). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.

38.

Sheldon

K. M.

(2004). Optimal human being: An integrated multi‐level perspective. New Jersey: Erlbaum.

39.

Sheldon

K. M.

Elliot

A. J.

(1998).Not all personal goals are personal: Comparing autonomous and controlled reasons as predictors of effort and attainment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24,546–557.

40.

Sheldon

K. M.

Elliot

A. J.

(1999).Goal striving, need‐satisfaction, and longitudinal well‐being: The Self‐Concordance Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76,482–497.

41.

Sheldon

K. M.

Kasser

(1998).Pursuing personal goals: Skills enable progress, but not all progress is beneficial. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24,1319–1331.

42.

Sheldon

K. M.

Kasser

(2001).Getting older, getting better? Personal strivings and personality development across the life‐course. Developmental Psychology, 37,491–501.

43.

Sheldon

K. M.

McGregor

(2000).Extrinsic value orientation and the tragedy of the commons. Journal of Personality, 68,383–411.

44.

Sheldon

K. M.

Sheldon

M. S.

Osbaldiston

(2000).Prosocial values and group‐assortation within an N‐person prisoner's dilemma. Human Nature, 11,387–404.

45.

Sinclair

Lowery

B. S.

Hardin

C. D.

Colangelo

(2005).Social tuning of automatic racial attitudes: The role of affiliative motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89,583–592.

46.

Smith, C. P. (Ed.). (1992). Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

47.

Steffens

M. C.

(2004).Is the Implicit Association Test immune to faking? Experimental Psychology, 51,165–179.

48.

Vernon

P. A.

(2000). Recent studies of intelligence and personality using Jackson's Multidimensional Aptitude Battery and Personality Research Form. In R. D. Goffin , & E. Helmes (Eds.), Problems and solutions in human assessment: Honoring Douglas N. Jackson at seventy(pp.195–212). Boston: Kluwer.

49.

Watson

Tellegen

Clark

(1988).Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54,1063–1070.

50.

Winter

(1992). A revised scoring system for the power motive. In C. P. Smith (Ed.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis(pp.311–324). New York: Cambridge University Press.

51.

Wittman

W. W.

(1988). Multivariate reliability theory: Principles of symmetry and successful validation strategies. In J. R. Nesselroade , & R. B. Cattell (Eds.), Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology(2nd ed., pp.505–560). New York, NY, US: Plenum Press.

Comparing IAT and TAT measures of power versus intimacy motivation

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References