Open Peer Commentary and Author's Response

Adler J. , Lodi–Smith J. , Philippe F. , & Houle I. (2015). The incremental validity of narrative identity in predicting psychological well–being: A review of the field and recommendations for the future. Provisionally accepted at Personality and Social Psychology Review.

Ahlqvist S. , London B. , & Rosenthal L. (2013). Unstable identity compatibility: How gender rejection sensitivity undermines the success of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields. Psychological Science, 24, 1644–1652.

Alexander C. (2002). The nature of order: An essay on the art of building and the nature of the universe – Book One – The phenomenon of life. Berkeley, CA: The Center for Environmental Structure.

Alisat S. , Norris J. E. , Pratt M. W. , Matsuba M. K. , & McAdams D. P. (2014). Caring for the earth: Generativity as a mediator for the prediction of environmental narratives from identity among activists and nonactivists. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 14, 177–194.

Allport G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York, NY: Holt.

Allport G. W. (1966). Traits revisited. American Psychologist, 21(1), 1–10. DOI:10.1037/h0023295.

Allport G. W. , & Odbert H. S. (1936). Trait–names: A psycho–lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47, 211.

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, DSM–5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Arnett J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480.

Asendorpf J. B. , & van Aken M. A. G. (2003). Personality relationship transaction in adolescence: Core versus surface personality characteristics. Journal of Personality, 71, 629–666.

Back M. D. , Baumert A. , Denissen J. J. A. , Hartung F.–M. , Penke L. , Schmukle S. C. ,… Wrzus C. (2011). PERSOC: A unified framework for understanding the dynamic interplay of personality and social relationships. European Journal of Personality, 25, 90–107.

Back M. D. , Schmukle S. C. , & Egloff B. (2009). Predicting actual behavior from the explicit and implicit self–concept of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 533–548.

Baird B. M. , Le K. , & Lucas R. E. (2006). On the nature of intraindividual personality variability: Reliability, validity, and associations with well–being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 512–527.

Bakan D (1996). The duality of human existence: An essay on psychology and religion. Chicago: Rand McNally.

Bakhtin M. M. (1986). Speech genres and other late essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Bandura A. (1977). Self–efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.

Bandura A. (1997). Self–efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

Bandura A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of personality. In Cervone D. , & Shoda Y. (Eds.), The coherence of personality: Social–cognitive bases of consistency, variability, and organization (pp. 185–241). New York: Guilford Press.

Bem D. J. (1972). Self–perception theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 6, 1–62.

Bettencourt B. , & Sheldon K. M. (2001). Social roles as vehicles for psychological need satisfaction within groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1131–1143.

Bleidorn W. , & Ködding C. (2013). The divided self and psychological (mal) adjustment – A meta–analytic review. Journal of Research in Personality, 47, 547–552.

Bleidorn W. , & Peters A.–L. (2011). A multilevel multitrait–multimethod analysis of self– and peer–reported daily affective experiences. European Journal of Personality, 25, 398–408.

Block J. (1995). A contrarian view of the five–factor approach to personality description. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 187–215.

Bollich K. L. , Johannet P. M. , & Vazire S. (2011). In search of our true selves: feedback as a path to self–knowledge. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 312.

Buss D. M. , & Craik K. H. (1983). The act frequency approach to personality. Psychological Review, 90(2), 105.

Campbell J. D. , Assanand S. , & Paula A. D. (2003). The structure of the self–concept and its relation to psychological adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71(1), 115–140.

Campbell J. D. , Trapnell P. D. , Heine S. J. , Katz I. M. , Lavallee L. F. , & Lehman D. R. (1996). Self–concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 141.

Camus A. (1955). An absurd reasoning: The Myth of Sisyphus and other essays. New York: Vintage Books.

Cantor N. , Markus H. , Niedenthal P. , & Nurius P. (1986). On motivation and the self–concept. In Higgins E. T. , & Sorrentino R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 96–121). New York: Guilford Press.

Carr D. (1986). Time, narrative, and history. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Carver C. , & Scheier M. (1998). On the self–regulation of behavior. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Caspi A. , & Moffitt T. E. (1993). When do individual differences matter? A paradoxical theory of personality coherence. Psychological Inquiry, 4, 247–271.

Cattell R. B. (1950). Personality: A systematic theoretical and factual study. New York: McGraw–Hill.

Chandler M. J. , Lalonde C. E. , Sokol B. W. , Hallett D. , & Marcia J. E. (2003). Personal persistence, identity development, and suicide: A study of native and non–native North American adolescents. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, i–138.

Ching C. M. , Church A. T. , Katigbak M. S. , Rayes J. A. S. , Tanaka–Matsumi J. , Takaoka S. , … Ortiz F. A. (2014). The manifestation of traits in every behavior and affect: A five–culture study. Journal of Research in Personality, 48, 1–16.

Church A. T. , Anderson–Harumi C. A. , del Prado A. M. , Curtis G. J. , Tanaka–Matsumi J. , Valdez Medina J. L. , … Katibak M. S. (2008). Culture, cross–role consistency, and adjustment: Testing trait and cultural psychology perspectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 739–755.

Church A. T. , Katigbak M. S. , Ching C. M. , Zhang H. , Shen J. , Arias R. M. , … Alvarez J. M. (2013). Within–individual variability in self–concepts and personality states: Applying density distribution and situation–behavior approaches across cultures. Journal of Research in Personality, 47, 922–935.

Collins R. (2004). Interaction ritual chains. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Cooley C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Crocker J. , & Park L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self–esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 392–414.

Cronbach L. J. , Gleser G. C. , Nanda H. , & Rajaratnam N. (1972). The dependability of behavioral measurements: Theory of generalizability for scores and profiles. New York: John Wiley.

Daukantaité D. , & Thompson E. S. (2014). The relationship between identity consistency across social roles and different aspects of mental health varies by age group. Identity: An international journal of theory and research, 14, 81–95.

Deci E. L. , & Ryan R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self–determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.

Denissen J. J. A. , & Penke L. (2008). Motivational individual reaction norms underlying the five–factor model of personality: First steps towards a theory–based conceptual framework. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1285–1302.

DeYoung C. G. (2014). Cybernetic big five theory. Journal of Research in Personality.

Diehl M. , & Hay E. L. (2011). Self–concept differentiation and self–concept clarity across adulthood: Associations with age and psychological well–being. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 73(2), 125–152.

Diehl M. , Hooker K. , & Sliwinski M. J. (Eds) (2015). Handbook of intraindividual variability across the life span. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.

Donahue E. M. , & Harary K. (1998). The patterned inconsistency of traits: Mapping the differential effects of social roles on self–perceptions of the Big Five. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(6), 610–619.

Donahue E. M. , Robins R. W. , Roberts B. W. , & John O. P. (1993). The divided self: Concurrent and longitudinal effects of psychological adjustment and social roles on self–concept differentiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 834–846.

Dumont M. , Yzerbyt V. , Wigboldus D. , & Gordijn E. H. (2003). Social categorization and fear reactions to the September 11th terrorist attacks. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1509–1520.

Duncan L. E. (2012). The psychology of collective action. In Deaux K. , & Snyder M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of personality and social psychology (pp. 781–803). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Dunlop W. L. , (2015). Contextualized personality, beyond traits. European Journal of Personality, 29, 310–325.

Dunlop W. L. , & Sheldon K. M. (2015). The 20th Centuries greatest heroes and villains, Unpublished manuscript.

Dunlop W. L. , & Tracy J. L. (2013). Sobering stories: Narratives of self–redemption predict behavioral change and improved health among recovering alcoholics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 576–590.

Dunlop W. L. , Walker L. J. , & Wiens T. K. (2013). What do we know when we know a person across contexts? The differing relationship between self–concept differentiation and adjustment at the three levels of personality. Journal of Personality, 81, 376–389. DOI:10.1111/jopy.12018.

Dweck C. S. (1999). Self–theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. New York: Psychology Press.

Erikson E. H. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd Ed.). New York: Norton.

Festinger L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Finn S. E. (2007). In our client's shoes: Theory and techniques of therapeutic assessment. Mahwah, NL: Erlbaum.

Finn S. E. , & Tonsager M. E. (1997). Information–gathering and therapeutic models of assessment: Complementary paradigms. Psychological Assessment, 9, 374–385. DOI:10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.374.

Flanagan O. (1996). Self expressions: Mind, morals and the meaning of life. New York: Oxford University Press.

Fleeson W. (2001). Toward a structure– and process–integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 1011–1027.

Fleeson W. (2004). Moving personality beyond the person–situation debate the challenge and the opportunity of within–person variability. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(2), 83–87. DOI:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00280.x.

Fleeson W. (2007). Situation based contingencies underlying trait content manifestation in behavior. Journal of Personality, 75(4), 825–862.

Fleeson W. (2012). Perspectives on the person: Rapid growth and opportunity for integration. In Deaux K. , & Snyder M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of personality and social psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Fleeson W. , & Gallagher P. (2009). The implications of Big Five standing for the distribution of trait manifestations of behavior: Fifteen experience–sampling studies and a meta–analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 1097–1114.

Fleeson W. , & Jayawickreme E. (2015). Whole trait theory. Journal of Research in Personality, 56, 82–92.

Fleeson W. , & Noftle E. E. (2008). Where does personality have its influence? A supermatrix of consistency concepts. Journal of Personality, 76, 1355–1385.

Fredrickson B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1–53.

Fournier M. A. , Moskowitz D. S. , & Zuroff D. C. (2008). Integrating dispositions, signatures, and the interpersonal domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(3), 531–545.

Fournier M. A. , Moskowitz D. S. , & Zuroff D. C. (2009). The interpersonal signature. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(2), 155–162.

Freud S. (1919/1990). The uncanny. In Dickson A. (Ed.), Sigmund Freud: 14. Art and literature (pp. 335–376). New York, NY: Penguin Books.

Funder D. C. (2006). Towards a resolution of the personality triad: Persons, situations, and behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 21–34.

Funder D. C. (2013). The personality puzzle (6th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.

Funder D. C. , & Colvin C. R. (1991). Explorations in behavioral consistency: Properties of persons, situations, and behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(5), 773.

Furr R. M. (2009). Personality psychology as a truly behavioral science. European Journal of Personality, 23, 369–401.

Furr R. M. , & Funder D. C. (2004). Situational similarity and behavioral consistency: Subjective, objective, variable–centered, and person–centered approaches. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 421–447.

Gergen K. J. (1991). The saturated self: Dilemmas of identity in contemporary life. New York: Basic Books.

Gosling S. D. (1998). Personality dimensions in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 112, 107–118.

Habermas T. , & Bluck S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 748. DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.748.

Hammack P. L. (2008). Narrative and the cultural psychology of identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 222–247.

Hermans H. J. M. , & Kempen H. J. G. (1993). The dialogical self: Meaning as movement. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.

Harter S. , Bresnick S. , Bouchey H. A. , & Whitesell N. R. (1997). The development of multiple role–related selves during adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 835–854.

Higgins E. T. , Gollwitzer P. M. , & Bargh J. A. (1996). Ideals, oughts, and regulatory focus: Affect and motivation from distinct pains and pleasures The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 91–114). New York, NY US: Guilford Press.

Hobson P. (2002). The cradle of thought: Explorations of the origins of thinking. Oxford: Macmillan.

Hogan R. (1983). A socioanalytic theory of personality. In Page M. M. (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1982 (Vol. 29, pp. 55–89). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Hogan R. (2007). Personality and the fate of organizations. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hogan R. , & Blickle G. (2013). Socioanalytic theory. In Christianesen N. D. , & Tett R. P. (Eds.), Handbook of personality at work (pp. 53–70). New York: Routledge.

Hogan R. , Hogan J. , & Roberts B. W. (1996). Personality measurement and employment decisions: Questions and answers. American Psychologist, 51(5), 469.

Immordino–Yang M. H. , Christodoulou J. A. , & Singh V. (2012). Rest is not idleness: Implications of the brain's default mode for human development and education. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(4), 352–364.

Immordino–Yang M. H. , & Damasio A. (2007). We feel, therefore we learn: The relevance of affective and social neuroscience to education. Mind, brain, and education, 1(1), 3–10.

Judge T. A. , Simon L. S. , Hurst C. , & Kelley K. (2014). What I experienced yesterday is who I am today: Relationship of work motivations and behaviors to within–individual variation in the five–factor model of personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(2), 199–221.

Kandler C. , Zimmerman J. , & McAdams D. P. (2014). Core and surface characteristics for the description and the theory of personality differences and development. European Journal of Personality, 28, 231–241.

Kenny D. A. (1994). Interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Kenrick D. T. , McCreath H. E. , Govern J. , King R. , & Bordin J. (1990). Person–environment intersections: Everyday settings and common trait dimensions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 685–698.

Kierkegaard S. (2004). Either/or: A fragment of life. Penguin UK.

Klein S. B. , Loftus J. , & Kihlstrom J. F. (1996). Self–knowledge of an amnesic patient: Toward a neuropsychology of personality and social psychology. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125, 250–260.

Klimstra T. A. , Luyckx K. , Hale W. W. III , Goossens L. , & Meeus W. H. J. (2010). Longitudinal associations between personality profile stability and adjustment in college students: Distinguishing among overall stability, distinctive stability, and within–time normativenes. Journal of Personality, 78, 1163–1184.

Kutlaca M. , van Zomeren M. & Epstude K. (2015). Violating the value of steady ground: Do personal and group rights violations motivate collective action against man–made earthquakes? Manuscript submitted for publication.

Langer E. J. (1989). Mindfulness. Reading, MA: Addison–Wesley.

Lilgendahl J. P. , McLean K. C. , & Mansfield C. D. (2013). When is meaning making unhealthy for the self? The roles of neuroticism, implicit theories, and memory telling in trauma and transgression memories. Memory, 21, 79–96.

Linville P. W. (1987). Self–complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress–related illness and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 663–676.

Little B. R. (2008). Personal projects and free traits: Personality and motivation reconsidered. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1235–1254. DOI:10.0000/j.1751-9004.2008.00106.x.

Little B. R. , & Joseph M. F. (2007). Personal projects and free traits: Mutable selves and well beings. In Little B. R. , Salmela–Aro K. , & Phillips S. D. (Eds.), Personal project pursuit: Goals, action, and human flourishing. (pp. 375–400). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Lonka K. (2013). Promoting flourishing and elevated thought – Reflections on E. Saarinen's pedagogy. In Martela F. , Järvilehto L. , Kenttä P. , & Korhonen J. (Eds.), Esa Saarinen – Elämän filosofi (pp. 151–162). Aalto University publication series CROSSOVER 7/2013. Helsinki: Nord Print.

Major B. (1994). From social inequality to personal entitlement: The role of social comparisons, legitimacy appraisals, and group membership. In Zanna M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 26 (pp. 293–355). San Diego, CA: Academic.

Malle B. F. , & Horowitz L. M. (1995). The puzzle of negative self–views: An exploration using the schema concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 470. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.470.

Mansfield C. D. , Pasupathi M. , & McLean K. C. (in press). Developing through difficulty: Does narrating growth of self in stories of transgressions promote self–acceptance and self–compassion? Journal of Research in Personality.

Mansfield C. D. , McLean K. C. , & Lilgendahl J. P. (2010). Narrating traumas and transgressions: Links between narrative processing, wisdom, and well–being. Narrative Inquiry, 20(2), 246–273. DOI:10.1075/ni.20.2.02man.

Markus H. R. , & Kitayama S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.

Mayer J. D. , & Salovey P. (2004). What is emotional intelligence? In Salovey P. , Brackett M. A. , & Mayer J. D. (Eds.), Emotional intelligence: Key readings on the Mayer and Salovey model (pp. 29–59). Port Chester, NY: Dude Publishing.

McAdams D. P. (1985). Power, intimacy, and the life story: Personological inquiries into identity. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.

McAdams D. P. (1992). The five–factor model in personality: A critical appraisal. Journal of Personality, 60, 329–361.

McAdams D. P. (1993). The stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self. New York City, USA: Guilford Press.

McAdams D. P. (1995). What do we know when we know a person? Journal of Personality, 63, 365–396.

McAdams D. P. (2009). The person: An introduction to the science of personality psychology (5th ed., pp.). New York: Wiley.

McAdams D. P. (2011). George W. Bush and the redemptive dream: A psychological portrait. New York: Oxford University Press.

McAdams D. P. (2013a). The redemptive self: Stories Americans live by–revised and expanded edition. Oxford University Press.

McAdams D. P. (2013b). The psychological self as actor, agent, and author. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 272–295. DOI:10.1177/1745691612464657.

McAdams D. P. (2015). The art and science of personality development. New York: Guilford Press.

McAdams D. P. , & Manczak E. (2015). Personality and the life story. In Mikulincer M. , Shaver P. R. , Cooper M. L. , Larsen R. J. , Mikulincer M. , Shaver P. R. , … Larsen R. J. (Eds.), APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Volume 4: Personality processes and individual differences (pp. 425–446). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. DOI: 10.1037/14343-019

McAdams D. P. , & McLean K. C. (2013). Narrative identity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 233–238.

McAdams D. P. , & Olson B. D. (2010). Personality development: Continuity and change over the life course. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 5.1–5.26.

McAdams D. P. , & Pals J. (2006). A new Big Five: Fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality. American Psychologist, 61, 204–217.

McAdams D. P. , Reynolds J. , Lewis M. , Patten A. H. , & Bowman P. J. (2001). When bad things turn good and good things turn bad: Sequences of redemption and contamination in life narrative and their relation to psychosocial adaptation in midlife adults and students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 474–485.

McCabe K. O. , & Fleeson W. (2012). What is extraversion for? Integrating trait and motivational perspectives and identifying the purpose of extraversion. Psychological Science, 23(12), 1498–1505. DOI:10.1177/0956797612444904.

McCrae R. R. , & Costa P. T. (2008). The five–factor theory of personality. In John O. P. , Robins R. W. , & Pervin L. A. (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 159–181). New York: Guilford.

McCrae R. R. , & John O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five–factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60, 175–215.

McLean K. C. , Pasupathi M. , & Pals J. L. (2007). Selves creating stories creating selves: A process model of self–development. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(3), 262–278.

McLean K. C. , Syed M. , Yoder A. , & Greenhoot A. F. (2014). The role of domain content in understanding identity development processes. Journal of Research on Adolescence. DOI:10.1111/jora.12169.

McMillan R. L. , Kaufman S. B. , & Singer J. L. (2013). Ode to positive constructive daydreaming. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 626.

McNiel J. M. , Lowman J. C. , & Fleeson W. (2010). The effect of state extraversion on four types of affect. European Journal of Personality, 24, 18–35.

Mehl M. R. , & Conner T. S. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of research methods for studying daily life. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Mischel W. (1968). Personality and assessment. New York: Wiley.

Mischel W. (1999). Personality coherence and dispositions in a cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS) approach. In Cervone D. , & Shoda Y. (Eds.), The Coherence of Personality: Social-Cognitive Bases of Consistency, Variability, and Organization (pp. 37–60). New York: Guilford Press.

Mischel W. (2004). Toward an integrative science of the person. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 1–22. DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.042902.130709.

Mischel W. (2009). From personality and assessment (1968) to personality science (2009). Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 282–290.

Mischel W. , & Shoda Y. (1995). A cognitive–affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102(2), 246. DOI:10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.246.

Morf C. C. , & Rhodewalt F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self–regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 177–196.

Murray H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality: A clinical and experimental study of fifty men of college age. New York: Oxford University Press.

Murray H. A. (1940). What should psychologists do about psychoanalysis? Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 35, 150–175.

Nel E. , Helmreich R. , & Aronson E. (1969). Opinion change in the advocate as a function of the persuasibility of his audience: A clarification of the meaning of dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12(2), 117.

Neuberg S. L. , Kenrick D. T. , & Schaller M. (2010). Evolutionary social psychology. In Fiske S. T. , Gilbert D. , & Lindzey G. (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 761–796). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Nietzsche F. (1887/1994). On the Genealogy of Morality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Nisbett R. E. , & Ross L. D. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice–Hall.

Ong W. J. (2012). Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word (30th Anniversary Edition). New York: Routledge.

Ozer D. J. (1986). Consistency in personality: A methodological framework. Berlin, Germany: Springer–Verlag.

Ozer D. J. , & Benet–Martinez V. (2006). Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 201–221.

Pals J. L. (2006). Authoring a second chance in life: Emotion and transformational processing within narrative identity. Research in Human Development, 3, 101–120.

Pasupathi M. , Billitteri J. , Mansfield C. D. , Wainryb C. , Hanley G. , & Taheri K. (under review–a). Regulating emotion and identity by narrating harm.

Pasupathi M. , & Hoyt T. (2009). The development of narrative identity in late adolescence and emergent adulthood: The continued importance of listeners. Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 558. DOI:10.1037/a0014431.

Pasupathi M. , & Wainryb C. (2010). On telling the whole story: Facts and interpretations in autobiographical memory narratives from childhood through midadolescence. Developmental Psychology, 46(3), 735. DOI:10.1037/a0018897.

Pasupathi M. , Wainryb C. , Mansfield C. D. , & Bourne S. (under review–b). The feeling of the story: Narrating to regulate anger and sadness.

Pelham B. W. , & Swann W. B. (1989). From self–conceptions to self–worth: On the sources and structure of global self–esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 672–680.

Polletta F. (1998). “It Was like a Fever …” Narrative and identity in social protest. Social Problems, 45, 137–159.

Proulx T. , & Chandler M. J. (2009). Jekyll and Hyde and me: Age–graded differences in conceptions of self–unity. Human Development.

Raggatt P. T. F. (2000). Mapping the dialogical self: Towards a rationale and method of assessment. European Journal of Personality, 14, 65–90.

Raggatt P. T. F. (2002). The landscape of narrative and the plural self: Exploring identity using the Personality Web Protocol. Narrative Inquiry, 12, 290–318.

Raggatt P. T. F. (2006). Multiplicity and conflict in the dialogical self: A life–narrative approach. In McAdams D. P. , Josselson R. , & Lieblich A. (Ed.), Identity and story: Creating self in narrative (pp. 15–35). Washington, DC: American Psychological.

Raggatt P. T. F. (2012). Positioning in the dialogical self: Recent advances in theory construction. In Hermans H. J. M. , & Gieser T. A. (Eds.), Handbook of dialogical self theory (pp. 29–45). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Raggatt P. T. F. (in press). Positioning: Dialogical voice in mind and culture. Theory & Psychology.

Raggatt P. T. F. , & Weatherly T. (2015). Has average Joe got inner conflicts? Positioning the self and the meaning of mid–range scores on the Big Five traits. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 28, 152–165.

Rauthmann J. F. , Sherman R. A. , & Funder D. C. (2015). Principles of situation research: Towards a better understanding of psychological situations. European Journal of Personality.

Rauthmann J. F. , Gallardo–Pujol D. , Guillaume E. M. , Todd E. , Nave C. S. , Sherman R. A. , … Funder D. C. (2014). The situational eight DIAMONDS: A taxonomy of major dimensions of situation characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(4), 677–718.

Roberts B. W. , & Donahue E. M. (1994). One personality, multiple selves: Integrating personality and social roles. Journal of Personality, 62(2), 199–218.

Roberts B. W. , & Jackson J. J. (2008). Sociogenomic personality psychology. Journal of Personality, 76, 1523–1544.

Roberts B. W. , Kuncel N. R. , Shiner R. , Caspi A. , & Goldberg L. R. (2007). The power of personality: The comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 313–344.

Roberts B. W. , Smith J. , Jackson J. J. , & Edmonds G. (2009). Compensatory conscientiousness and health in older couples. Psychological Science, 20, 553–559.

Robins R. W. , Tracy J. L. , & Trzesniewski K. H. (2008). Naturalizing the self. In John O. P. , Robins R. W. , & Pervin L. A. (Editors). Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 421–447). New York: Guilford.

Roberts B. W. , & Wood D. (2006). Personality development in the context of the Neo–Socioanalytic Model of personality. In Mroczek D. K. , & Little T. D. (Eds.), Handbook of personality development (pp. 11–39). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Roberts B. W. , Wood D. , & Caspi A. (2008). The development of personality traits in adulthood. In John O. P. , Robins R. W. , & Pervin L. A. (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 375–398). New York: Guilford.

Rorty R. (1979). Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Rosch E. H. , Mervis C. B. , Gray W. D. , Johnson D. M. , & Boyes–Braem P. (1976). Basic objects in natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 382–439.

Runyan W. M. (1983). Idiographic goals and methods in the study of lives. Journal of Personality, 51, 413–437.

Ryan R. M. , & Deci E. L. (2008). Self–determination theory and the role of basic psychological needs in personality and the organization of behavior. In John O. P. , Robins R. W. , Pervin L. A. , John O. P. , Robins R. W. (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., (pp. 654–678). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.

Sarbin T. R. (1986). The narrative as a root metaphor for psychology. In Sarbin T. R. (Ed.), Narrative psychology: The storied nature of human conduct (pp. 3–21). New York: Praeger.

Saarinen E. (2008). Philosophy for managers: Reflections of a practitioner. Philosophy of Management, 7(Supplement), 1–24.

Saarinen E. (2013a). The Paphos seminar. Elevated reflections on life as Good Work. GoodWork Project Report Series, No. 80, Harvard University.

Saarinen E. (2013b). Kindness to babies and other radical ideas: Rorty's anti–cynical philosophy. In Gröschner A. , Koopman C. , & Sandbothe M. (Eds.), Richard Rorty: From pragmatist philosophy to cultural politics (pp. 145–164). London: Bloomsbury.

Saarinen E. , & Hämäläinen R. P. (2004). Systems intelligence: Connecting engineering thinking with human sensitivity. In Hämäläinen R. P. , & Saarinen E. (Eds.), Systems intelligence – Discovering a hidden competence in human action and organizational life (pp. 9–37). Research Reports A88, October 2004. Espoo: Systems Analysis Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology.

Saarinen E. , & Slotte S. (2003). Philosophical lecturing as a philosophical practice. Practical Philosophy, 6(2), 7–23.

Saarinen E. , & Lehti T (2014). Inducing mindfulness through life–philosophical lecturing. In Ie A. , Ngnoumen C. T. , & Langer E. (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell handbook of mindfulness (pp. 1105–1131). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Saarinen E. (forthcoming). Life–philosophical lecturing as a systems–intelligent technology of the self. Selected Papers from the XXIII World Congress of Philosophy. Journal of Philosophical Research, Special Supplement.

Scarr S. , & McCartney K. (1983). How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype → environment effects. Child Development, 54, 424–435.

Schachter E. P. (2004). Identity configurations: A new perspective on identity formation in contemporary society. Journal of Personality, 72, 167–199.

Schindler I. , Staudinger U. M. , & Nesselroade J. R. (2006). Development and structural dynamics of personal life investment in old age. Psychology and Aging, 21(4), 737. DOI:10.1037/0882-7974.21.4.737.

Shapiro S. L. , & Carlson L. E. (2009). The art and science of mindfulness: Integrating mindfulness into psychology and the helping professions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Sheldon K. M. (2004). Optimal human being: An integrated multi–level perspective. New Jersey: Erlbaum.

Sheldon K. M. (2005). Positive value change during college: Normative trends and individual differences. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 209–223.

Sheldon K. M. (2008b). The interface of motivational science and personology: Self–concordance, quality motivation, and multi–level personality integration. In Shah J. , & Gardner W. (Eds.), Handbook of motivational science (pp. 465–476). New York: Guilford.

Sheldon K. M. (2009a). Defining and validating measures of life balance: Suggestions, a new measure, and some preliminary results. In Christiansen C. , & Matuska K. (Eds), Life balance: Multidisciplinary theories and research (pp. 61–72). Bethesda, Maryland USA: Aota Press.

Sheldon K. M. (2009b). Goal–striving across the life–span: Do people learn to select more self–concordant goals as they age? In Smith M. C. , & Reio T. G. (Eds.), The handbook of research on adult development and learning (pp. 553–569). New York: Routledge.

Sheldon K. M. (2009c). Providing the scientific background for positive psychology: A multi–level conception of human thriving. Psychological Topics, 18, 267–284.

Sheldon K. M. (2011). Integrating behavioral–motive and experiential–requirement perspectives on psychological needs: A two process perspective. Psychological Review, 118(4), 552–569.

Sheldon K. M. (2013). The multiple determination of well–being: Independent effects of positive traits, needs, goals, selves, social supports, and cultural contexts. In Delle Fave A. (Ed.), The exploration of happiness: Present and future perspectives (pp. 141–160). New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media.

Sheldon K. M. (2014). Becoming oneself: The central role of self–concordant goal selection. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18, 349–365.

Sheldon K. M. , Cheng C. , & Hilpert J. (2011). Understanding well–being and optimal functioning: Applying the multilevel personality in context (MPIC) model. Psychological Inquiry, 22, 1–16.

Sheldon K. M. , & Cooper M. L. (2008). Goal striving within agentic and communal roles: Functionally independent pathways to enhanced well–being. Journal of Personality, 76, 415–447.

Sheldon K. M. , Cummins R. , & Khamble S. (2010). Life–balance and well–being: Testing a two–pronged conceptual and measurement approach. Journal of Personality, 78, 1093–1134.

Sheldon K. M. , & Elliot A. J. (2000). Personal goals in social roles: Divergences and convergences across roles and levels of analysis. Journal of Personality, 68, 51–84.

Sheldon K. M. , Gunz A. , & Schachtman T. (2012). What does it mean to be in touch with oneself? Testing a social character model of self–congruence. Self and Identity, 11, 51–70.

Sheldon K. M. , & Houser–Marko L. (2001). Self–concordance, goal–attainment, and the pursuit of happiness: Can there be an upward spiral? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 152–165.

Sheldon K. M. , & Lyubomirsky S. (2012). The challenge of staying happier: Testing the hedonic adaptation prevention (HAP) model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 670–680.

Sheldon K. M. , Ryan R. M. , Rawsthorne L. , & Ilardi B. (1997). “True” self and “trait” self: Cross role variation in the big five traits and its relations with authenticity and well being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1380–1393.

Sheldon K. M. , & Schuler J. (2011). Needing, wanting, and having: Integrating motive disposition theory and self–determination theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 1106–1123.

Sheldon K. M. , & Tan H. (2007). The multiple determination of well–being: Independent effects of positive needs, traits, goals, selves, social supports, and cultural contexts. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 565–592.

Sherman R. A. , Nave C. S. , & Funder D. C. (2010). Situational similarity and personality predict behavioral consistency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(2), 330–343.

Sherman R. A. , Rauthmann J. F. , Brown N. A. , Serfass D. G. , & Jones A. B. (in press). The independent effects of personality and situations on real–time expressions of behavior and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Shoda Y. , Mischel W. , & Wright J. C. (1994). Intraindividual stability in the organization and patterning of behavior: Incorporating psychological situations into the idiographic analysis of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 674–687.

Showers C. , & Cantor N. (1985). Social cognition: A look at motivated strategies. In Rosenzweig M. , & Porter L. W. (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 36). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.

Showers C. J. , & Zeigler–Hill V. (2012). Organization of self–knowledge: Features, functions, and flexibility. In Leary M. R. , & Tangney J. P. (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 105–123). New York: Guilford.

Simon B. , & Klandermans B. (2001). Politicized collective identity: A social–psychological analysis. American Psychologist, 56, 319–331.

Singer J. A. (2005). Personality and psychotherapy: Treating the whole person. New York: Guilford Press.

Skinner B. F. , Skinner B. F. , Skinner B. F. , & Skinner B. F. (1972). Beyond freedom and dignity (p. 142). New York: Bantam Books.

Snyder M. (1979). Self–monitoring processes. In Berkowitz L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 85–118). New York: Academic Press.

Specht J. , Bleidorn W. , Denissen J. J. A. , Hennecke M. , Hutteman R. , Kandler C. , Luhmann M. , … (2014). What drives adult personality development? A comparison of theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence. European Journal of Personality, 28, 216–230.

Specht J. , Luhmann M. , & Geiser C. (2014). On the consistency of personality types across adulthood: Latent profile analyses in two large–scale panel studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 540–556.

Stern D. N. (2004). The present moment in psychotherapy and everyday life. New York: Norton.

Stanovich K. (2011). Rationality and the reflective mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

Syed M. (2010). Developing an integrated self: Academic and ethnic identities among ethnically–diverse college students. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1590–1604.

Syed M. , & Azmitia M. (2010). Narrative and ethnic identity exploration: A longitudinal account of emerging adults‘ ethnicity–related experiences. Developmental Psychology, 46, 208–219.

Täuber S. , & Van Zomeren M. (2012). Refusing intergroup help from the morally superior: How one group's moral superiority leads to another group's reluctance to seek their help. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 420–423.

Tooby J. , & Cosmides L. (1990). On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: The role of genetics and adaptation. Journal Of Personality, 58(1), 17–67. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00907.x.

Trope Y. , & Liberman N. (2010). Construal–level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117, 440–463.

Turner J. C. , Hogg M. A. , Oakes P. J. , Reicher S. D. , & Wetherell M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self–categorization perspective. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Vaillant G. (2008). Spiritual evolution: A scientific defense of faith. New York: Doubleday Broadway.

Vallacher R. R. , & Wegner D. M. (1985). A theory of action identification. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 259 pp.

Van Zomeren M. , Postmes T. , & Spears R. (2008). Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three sociopsychological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 504–535.

Van Zomeren M. , Leach C. W. , & Spears R. (2012). Protesters as ‘passionate economists’: A dynamic dual pathway model of approach coping with collective disadvantage. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 180–198.

Vazire S. (2010). Who knows what about a person? The self–other knowledge asymmetry (SOKA) model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 281–300.

Wagerman S. A. , & Funder D. C. (2009). Situations. In Corr P. J. , & Matthews G. (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of personality (pp. 27–42). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wallace B. A. (2009). Mind in the balance: Meditation in science, Buddhism, and Christianity. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Wallace B. A. (2011). Minding closely. The four applications of mindfulness. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications.

Waters T. E. A. , Bauer P. J. , & Fivush R. (2014). Autobiographical memory functions served by multiple event types. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(2), 185–195. DOI:10.1002/acp.2976.

Wood D. , Gardner M. H. , & Harms P. D. (2015). How functionalist and process approaches to behavior can explain trait covariation. Psychological Review, 122(1), 84–111.

Wood D. , & Roberts B. W. (2006). Cross–situational and longitudinal tests of the personality and role identity structural model (PRISM). Journal of Personality, 74, 779–810. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00392.x.

Wright J. C. , & Mischel W. (1987). A conditional approach to dispositional constructs: The local predictability of social behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1159.

Yang Y. , Read S. J. , & Miller L. (2006). A taxonomy of situations from Chinese idioms: Goal processes as a central organization principle. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 750–778.

Young J. E. , Klosko J. S. , & Weishaar M. E. (2003). Schema–focused therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press.

Zayas V. , & Shoda Y. (2009). Three decades after the personality paradox: Understanding situations. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 280–281.