Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

The purpose of this paper was to argue that 21st–century realities require a fresh look at leadership and conceptualizing a new approach that reflects the new realities. Rooted in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a new model is proposed for leading innovation that considers the multi–generational nature of the workforce, emotional intelligence of organizations, and the rapid technological changes that demand continuous innovation for organizations to stay competitive. Grounded in theory from psychology, sociology, anthropology and management disciplines, this emergent model can provide a new framework for building and leading healthy innovative organizations.

Keywords

emotional intelligence generations innovation leadership

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Bandura

(1977). Self–efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.

Bar–On

(1997). Bar–on emotional quotient inventory (EQ–i): Technical manual. Jossey–Bass.

Barrick

M. R.

, Thurgood

G. R.

, Smith

T. A.

, & Courtright

S. H.

(2015). Collective organizational engagement: Linking motivational antecedents, strategic implementation, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 58, 111–135. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.0227

Biro

(2015, December 12). 4 ways to define trust in the new world of work. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghanbiro/2015/12/12/4–ways–to–define–trust–in–the–new–world–of–work/?sh=5d7e627d6231

Borg

, Scott–Young

C. M.

, & Naderpajouh

(2020). Strategies for business sustainability in a collaborative economy: Building the career resilience of generation Z. In L. Ramona–Diana (Ed.), Strategies for business sustainability in a collaborative economy (pp. 306–329). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978–1–7998–4543–0.ch016

Brown

(2018). Dare to lead: Brave work. Tough conversations. Whole Hearts. Random House.

Brown

(2017). Inclusion: Diversity, the new workplace & the will to change. Publish Your Purpose Press.

Cherniss

(2010a). Emotional intelligence: New insights and further clarifications. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3, 183–191.

Cherniss

(2010b). Emotional intelligence: Toward clarification of a concept. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3, 110–126.

10.

Christensen

C. M.

, Raynor

M. E.

, & McDonald

(2015, December). What is disruptive innovation? Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2015/12/what–is–disruptive–innovation

11.

Clarke

(2018). Relational leadership: Theory, practice and development. Routledge.

12.

Conger

J. A.

, & Pearce

C. L.

(2003). A landscape of opportunities: Future research on shared leadership. In Conger

J. A.

, & Pearce

C. L.

(Eds.), Shared leadership: Reframing the hows and whys of leadership (pp. 285–303). Sage.

13.

Cuong

N. H.

(2011). Factors causing Enron's collapse: An investigation into corporate governance and culture. Journal of Corporate Ownership and Control, 8(3), 585–593.

14.

Damon

(2018, August 15). How important is autonomy and meaningful work to millennials? Scouted. https://scouted.io/blog/candidates/important–autonomy–meaningful–work–millennials/

15.

Edmondson

A. C.

(2019). The fearless organization: Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation, and growth. John Wiley & Sons Inc.

16.

Goleman

(1995). Emotional intelligence. Bantam Books.

17.

Goleman

(1998). Working with emotional intelligence. Bloomsbury Publishing.

18.

Greenleaf

R. K.

(1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. Paulist Press.

19.

Harter

(2020, February 4). 4 factors driving record–high employee engagement in U.S. Gallup Workplace. https://www.gallup.com/workplace/284180/factors–driving–record–high–employee–engagement.aspx

20.

Hassan

M. M.

, Jambulingam

, Alagas

E. N.

, Uzir

M. U. H.

, & Halbusi

H. A.

(2020). Necessities and ways of combating dissatisfactions at workplaces against the Job–Hopping Generation Y employees. Global Business Review, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920926966

21.

Humphrey

R. H.

(2014). Effective leadership: Theory, cases and applications. Sage.

22.

Illeris

(2007). How we learn. Routledge.

23.

Illeris

(2011). The fundamentals of workplace learning. Routledge.

24.

Insperity. (2019, August 5). How to engage a multi–generational workforce. Inc. Magazine. https://www.inc.com/insperity/how–to–engage–a–multi–generational–workforce.html

25.

Jehn

K. A.

, & Shah

P. P.

(1997). Interpersonal relationships and task performance: An examination of mediation processes in friendship and acquaintance groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(4), 775–790. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.72.4.775

26.

Joseph

E. E.

, & Winston

B. E.

(2005). A correlation of servant leadership, leader trust, and organizational trust. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.

27.

Kahn

(1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287

28.

Kaur

, & Hirudayaraj

(2021). The role of leader emotional intelligence in organizational learning: A literature review using 4I framework. New Horizons in Adult Education & Human Resource Development, 33(1), 51–68.

29.

Kessler

E. H.

, & Chakrabarti

A. K.

(1999). Speeding up the pace of new product development. Journal of New Product Development, 16, 231–247.

30.

Mack

, Khare

, Kramer

, & Burgatz

(2016). Managing in a VUCA world. Springer International Publishing.

31.

Maslow

A. H.

(1954). Motivation and personality. Harper.

32.

Maslow

A. H.

(1970a). Motivation and personality. Harper & Row.

33.

McLeod

(2007). Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Simply Psychology, 1(1–18), https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

34.

Murphy

M. P. A.

(2020). COVID–19 and emergency eLearning: Consequences of the securitization of higher education for post–pandemic pedagogy, Contemporary Security Policy, 41(3), 492–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2020.1761749

35.

Nelson

D. B.

, & Low

G. R.

(2011). Emotional intelligence: Achieving academic and career excellence (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.

36.

Pearce

C. L.

(2007). The future of leadership development: The importance of identity, multi–level approaches, self–leadership, physical fitness, shared leadership, networking, creativity, emotions, spirituality, and on–boarding processes. Human Resource Management Review, 17(4), 355–359.

37.

Petrie

(2014). Vertical leadership development–Part 1: Developing leaders for a complex world. Center for Creative Leadership. https://www.ccl.org/wp–content/uploads/2015/04/VerticalLeadersPart1.pdf

38.

Power

(2019, January 23). This is how you lead a team that spans 4 generations. Inc. Magazine. https://www.inc.com/rhett–power/d.html

39.

Rainone

N. A.

, Natale

A. N.

, Alenick

P. R.

, Kato

, Patel

K. R.

, Steele

L. M.

, & Watts

L. L.

(2021). Lost in translation? A review of popular–press claims about organizational creativity and innovation. Creativity Research Journal, 33(4), 424–436.

40.

Rich

B. L.

, Lepine

J. A.

, & Crawford

E. R.

(2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 617–635. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.51468988

41.

Rigoni

, & Adkins

(2016, May 11). What millennials want from a new job. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2016/05/what–millennials–want–from–a–new–job

42.

Rosenfeld

, Wilhelmi

, & Harrison

(2011). The invisible element: A practical guide for human dynamics of innovation. Innovatus Press.

43.

Rude

D. A.

(2013). Leadership and emotional intelligence: A phenomenological study on developmental experiences of effective federal government leaders. (Doctoral dissertation), The George Washington University (1346226922).

44.

Rude

D. A.

(2014). New leader agendas & legacy organizational culture: A case study exploring learning's role in bridging the great divide. American Journal of Management, 14(1–2), 82–101.

45.

Salovey

, & Mayer

J. D.

(1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9(3), 185–211.

46.

Schaller

R. R.

(1997). Moore's law: Past, present and future. IEEE Spectrum, 34(6), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1109/6.591665

47.

Schaufeli

W. B.

, Salanova

, González–Romá

, & Bakker

A. B.

(2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326

48.

Schein

E. H.

(1992). Organizational culture and leadership (2nd ed.). Jossey–Bass.

49.

Schein

E. H.

(2010). Organizational culture and leadership (4th ed.). Jossey–Bass.

50.

Schein

(2017). Organizational culture and leadership (5th ed.). Jossey–Bass.

51.

Schroth

(2019). Are you ready for Gen Z in the workplace? California Management Review, 61(3), 5–18.

52.

Shuck

, Kim

, & Chai

D. S.

(2021). The chicken and egg conundrum: Job satisfaction or employee engagement and implications for human resources. New Horizons in Adult Education & Human Resource Development, 33(1), 4–24.

53.

Shuck

, Osam

, Zigarmi

, & Nimon

(2017). Definitional and conceptual muddling: Identifying the positionality of employee engagement and defining the construct. Human Resource Development Review, 16(3), 263–293.

54.

Shuck

, Twyford

, Reio

T. G.

, & Shuck

(2014). Human resource development practices and employee engagement: Examining the connection with employee turnover intentions. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(2), 239–270. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21190

55.

Soane

, Truss

, Alfes

, Shantz

, Rees

, & Gatenby

(2012). Development and application of a new measure of employee engagement: The ISA engagement scale. Human Resource Development International, 15, 529–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2012.726542

56.

Strauss

, & Howe

(1991) Generations: The history of America's future, 1584 to 2069. Harper Perennial.

57.

Vigoda–Gadot

, & Meisler

(2010). Emotions in management and the management of emotions: The impact of emotional intelligence and organizational politics on public sector employees. Public Administration Review, 70(1), 72–86.

58.

Wang

, & Chia

(2019). Perspectives in AE–Towards and arts–based approach to developing shared leadership. New Horizons in Adult Education & Human Resource Development, 32(1), 47–55.

59.

Yalabik

Z. Y.

, Popaitoon

, Chowne

J. A.

, & Rayton

B. A.

(2013). Work engagement as a mediator between employee attitudes and outcomes. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24, 2799–2823. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.763844

60.

Yukl

(2010). Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Prentice Hall.

Leading for Innovation: A New Model for 21st–century Leadership

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References