Numerous reports have been presented concerning the effects of castration, administration of androgens and estrogens in pure form, implantation of gonads, and injections of gonad extracts or saline suspensions upon creatine and creatinine metabolism in the normal and castrate animal. That a possible gonad relationship exists to creatine metabolism was shown by Rose 1 when he demonstrated a persistent creatinuria in children up to about the age of puberty. At this time creatinuria disappears in boys, but continues to a lesser or cyclic degree in girls and women. Read, 2 McNeal, 3 Remen, 4 Bühler, 5 and Pizzolato and Beard, 6 and others have presented evidence that castration in humans and animals leads to a creatinuria. In contrast, Tun-Chee-Shen, 7 8 9 Kochakian and Murlin, 10 Sandberg, Perla, and Holly, 11 and others have not observed an induced creatinuria in men, dogs, or rats by castration.

Considerable difference of opinion exists concerning the effects of sex hormones upon creatine and creatinine excretion in conditions of hypogonad function or castration. Bühler, 12 , 13 Kun and Peczenik, 14 Paschkis and Schwoner, 15 and Kenyon, et al. 16 find that androgens decrease hypogonad creatinuria. On the other hand, Pizzolato and Beard 6 claim that not only does castration in rats produce a creatinuria but that testosterone propionate administration also increases it.

In view of the many conflicting reports and the realization of the difficulties attending the determination of creatine and creatinme, it was decided to study the quantitative determination of creatinme by means of the Jaffé reaction using the Evelyn photoelectric colorimeter and the Miller-Dubos specific enzyme for destroying creatine and creatinine.

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Eating yourself away: Reflections on the ‘comorbidity’ of eating disorders and gender dysphoria

Effect of Testosterone Propionate on Greatinuria. ∗