Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

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Research article

First published 1987-4

The Midpoint on a Five-Point Likert-Type Scale

Robert L. Armstrong

Perceptual and Motor Skills

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Research article

First published 1980-6

The Likert Scale's Midpoint in Communications Research

Michael Ryan

Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly

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Research article

First published 2020-4

Applying Unidimensional Models for Semiordered Data to Scale Data With Neutral Responses

Sophie Cohn, Anne Corinne Huggins-Manley

Educational and Psychological Measurement

Open access

Research article

First published 2026-5

Distinguishing Between Models for Extreme and Midpoint Response Styles as Opposite Poles of a Single Dimension versus Two Separate Dimensions: A Simulation Study

Martijn Schoenmakers, Maria Bolsinova, Jesper Tijmstra

Applied Psychological Measurement

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Research article

First published 1995-5

Response Style and Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Rating Scales Among East Asian and North American Students

Chuansheng Chen, Shin-ying Lee, Harold W. Stevenson

Psychological Science

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Other

First published 2010-10

Measuring the Mathematical Attitudes of Elementary Students: The Effects of a 4-Point or 5-Point Likert-Type Scale

Jill L. Adelson, D. Betsy McCoach

Educational and Psychological Measurement

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Research article

First published 2025-1

Examining the use of explicit ‘no opinion’ options in attitude survey design

Michael D. Mattei, Stephen J. Hellebusch, Matthew D. Mattei

International Journal of Market Research

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Research article

First published 1999-11

Effects of Language and Meaningfulness on the Use of Extreme Response Style by Spanish-English Bilinguals

Judith L. Gibbons, Jennifer A. Zellner, David J. Rudek

Cross-Cultural Research

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Research article

First published 2010-9

Birth Cohort Differences in Self-Esteem,1988–2008: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis

Brittany Gentile, Jean M. Twenge, W. Keith Campbell

Review of General Psychology

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Research article

First published 2026

Disentangling and Reassembling: Unveiling Hidden Patterns in Gender Attitudinal Surveys

Jiayun Jin

Sociological Methods & Research

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